1. PRESENTED BY: Eric Munyiri D61/75391/2012 Lilian Kathoki D61/79485/2012 Kiruthi Njenja D61/61017/2013 Esther K. Mwanzia D61/79789/2012 Mathew Mutisya D61/61053/2013 Seb Abuya D61/79485/2012 Beryl Obiero D61/60983/2013

2.  Acronym INT  Alternate name(S) I. Institutionalism, II. New Institutional Theory

3.  Institutional theory attends to the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure.  It is driven by the problematic of why different organizations, operating in very different environments, are often so similar in structure.  It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior.  It inquires into how these elements are created, diffused, adopted, and adapted over space and time; and how they fall into decline and disuse

4.  organizational structures and processes tend to acquire meaning and achieve stability in their own right, rather than on the basis of their effectiveness and efficiency in achieving desired ends, such as the mission and goals of the organization (Lincoln, 1995)  institutions are a critical component in the environment. Institutions have been defined as “regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide stability and meaning for social behavior”

5. Institutions exert a constraining influence over organizations, called isomorphism, that forces organizations in the same population to resemble other organizations that face the same set of environmental conditions.  Institutional theory has emerged as an important set of concepts and ideas for researchers across the disciplines

6. Institutional theory posits that institutionalized activities occur due to influences on three levels: I. Individual level: managers follow norms, habits, customs, and traditions, both consciously and unconsciously. II. Organizational level: shared political, social, cultural, and belief systems all support following traditions of institutionalized activities. III. Inter- organizational level: pressures from government, industry alliances, and expectations from society define what is socially acceptable and expected organizational behavior, which pressures organizations to look and act the same.

7. Different researchers have made use of different elements and concepts of the Institution theory, namely: I. Isomorphism II. structuration, III. legitimacy

8. DEFINITION: constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions Institutions exert three types of isomorphic pressure on organizations I. Coercive isomorphism : refers to pressure from entities who have resources on which an organization depends. II. Mimetic isomorphism: refers to the imitation or copying of other successful organizations when an organization is uncertain about what to do. III. Normative isomorphism: refers to following professional standards and practices established by education and training methods, professional networks, and movement of employees among firms.

9.  Davidsson (1993) studied adoption of so called joint application design (JAD) methods in information systems development (ISD). One of the key ideas behind JAD is that users should be engaged early and thoroughly in the development process, so that relevant business requirements can be taken into account when developing a new application. An institutional interpretation suggests that, once JAD methods are applied, JAD participants at the research sites tend to make choices based on taken-for-granted assumptions about ISD, fitting the new method into existing patterns for ISD.

10.  Often, organizations conform to institutional rules because their conformance is rewarded with increased legitimacy and resources.  For example, most, if not all, retail banks in the the country offer automatic teller services,which have become a standard service offering. Retail banks that do not offer ATM service may be damaging their legitimacy in the view of their industry. Thus, the progressive use of IT in an organization could be viewed as the result of normative influences  organizations may adopt inefficient structures (or here; IT infrastructures) due to institutional forces to gain legitimacy.

11.  Relationship Between technology and Institutions (Barley, 1986; king et al. 1994 orlikowski and Barley, 2001).  Adler, P. S. (2005). The evolving object of software development. Organization, 12(3), 401.  Aguila, A. R. d., Bruque, S., & Padilla, A. (2002). Global information technology management and organizational analysis: Research issues. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 5(4), 18.  DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.

12. Author (s)Study subject Study approach Institutiona l time frame Theoretical perspective Findings Lyytinen, K., Newman, M., Al Muharfi, A.A.R. ERP implementation at Saudi Steel Realist ethnographic 1992–2004Punctuated model of socio-technical change Why institutionalization is difficult and unfolds in unpredictable ways Baptista, J.Imbedding an intranet at a British bank Interpretive1999–2005Institutionalization as interplay between technology and organizational context Processes of interplay between background and constitutive expectations underpin institutionalization Rajao, R.G.L., Hayes, N. Uses of Amazon rainforest monitoring system Interpretive1964–2008Conceptions of control IT artifacts can both reflect the current dominant conception and support alternate conceptions

13.  The theory has been stretched far beyond its core purpose—to understand how organizational structures and processes acquire meaning and continuity beyond their technical goals

14. Despite the shortcomings of institutional theory it calls for more process-oriented studies and combinations with, or incorporation of, other theories.

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