1. Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
Chapter 33
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence MH

2. Gamal Abdul Nasser
Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956.

3. Aswan Dam
An embankment dam (artificial water barrier) situated across the Nile River in Egypt; built between following the Egyptian Revolution in the 1950’s. Majorly effected the economy and culture of Egypt.

4. Anwar Sadat
Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations.

5. Ayatollah Khomeini
Religious ruler of Iran following the revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government.

6. African National Congress
Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa.

7. Nelson Mandela
Born 1918
Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress Party; worked with the ANC leadership and F. W. de Klerk’s supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country’s history.

8. Indira Gandhi
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons.

9. Corazon Aquino
Born 1933
First president of the Phillippines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s; she served from ; Aquino whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator.

10. Benazir Bhutto
Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father’s execution by the military clique then in power.

11. Muslim Brotherhood
Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.

12. South African homelands
Territory set aside for black South Africans, also known as Bantustan

13. Evaluate why the new African and Asian states had such difficulty in establishing national identities
Population boom
Parasitic cities (unemployment in urban centers)
Neocolonialism
Cold War rivalries
Stunted economic development

14. Appraise the reasons for the high population growth rates in new Asian and African birthrates.
Food and crops from the New World
New railroads and steamships spread food.
Improved hygiene and medical system
Improved sewage systems and drinking water
Religion
Parents past dependency on children
Birth control = West’s way to meddle in affairs

15. Compare the cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America with those of the West
West has economic prosperity
Less parasitic cities
Asia, Africa , and Latin America have slum settlements
Also over population with a lot of unemployment
More beggars and people in to petty crime

16. Define “neo-colonialism”
Neo- colonialism is the geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to control a country, in lieu of either direct military control or indirect political control.

17. Compare Nasser’s military government with other military regimes
Most radical approach to economic and social reforms
Disbanded all political parties
Intervened in all aspects of Egyptian life
Limited land, paid for college education, gov was the biggest employer, restrictions on foreign investments
Imprisoned thousands and violated human rights

18. Compare post-independence policies in India and Egypt
Egypt turned into a dictatorship and also had the Free Officers Movement and the Muslim Brotherhood
India was a democracy and invested heavily in the Green Revolution

19. Summarize the influences that contributed to Islamic fundamentalists gaining power in Iran
Iran was in a state of turmoil due to the Islamic Revolution in 1979, which allowed Islamic Fundamentalists to have more of a sway

20. Evaluate whether the problems in newly independent Asian and African nations were the creation of imperialism or the result of indigenous factors.
Both were factors in creating problems in Africa and Asia
The indigenous people were unable to control their population and couldn’t follow through on promises
Large migration to urban areas lead to parasitic cities and endangered ecosystems
Neocolonial economies hurt developing nations

21. Compare the political, social, and economic development of Asian and African countries after independence with the countries of Latin America
Political- both had political power struggles between communism and democracy
Social- women’s status still low, not much government participation
Economic- economic strife, lack of industrialization and dependency on neocolonial economy