1. Chapter 8 Diseases of the Respiratory System

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Structure and Function  Air enters Nasal Cavity, pharynx  Larynx to trachea  Bronchi – each lung then bronchioles, alveoli  Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide, expel carbondioxide, oxygen flows into blood system.  Diaphragm and muscles between ribs help air to enter and exit lungs.

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Terms  Dyspnea  Tachypnea  Hemoptysis – coughing what?  Cyanosis

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Common Signs and Symptoms of respiratory disease  Dyspnea  Tachypnea, Wheezing  Dry cough or hemoptysis  Cyanosis  Fever  Fatigue  Pain- where? Weakness – muscles and voice  Sinus drainage

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Diagnostic Procedures  Sprirometer – tests vital capacity volume, draw in as much air as possible then expel as much as possible.  FEV – forced-expiratory volume. Maximum air expelled in one second of time.  Oscillometry – Breathe normally for 20-30 seconds, then it shoots sound waves into the air passages and measures echo.  Arterial blood gases – evaluate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and blood pH

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Diagnostic Procedures  Chest x-rays  Bronchoscopy  Flouroscopy – visualize lungs and diaphragm during respiration

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Upper Respiratory Disease Signs and symptoms  Common cold – swelling of mucous membranes, low fever, nasal congestion, cough  Sinusitis – inflammation of mucous membranes, pressure, headache, sinus pain, fever  Nasal polyps – nasal drainage, lack of smell, sleep apnea  Influenza – sudden onset, chills, fever, aches, cough, sore throat, GI disorders

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Upper Respiratory Disease Signs and symptoms  Snoring/sleep apnea – postnasal drip, exaggerated breathing sounds, inflamed sinuses, nasal congestion, sleep interruption or hesitation in breathing  Hay fever – Runny nose, congestion, tearing, itching  Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis – difficulty swallowing, redness in throat, pain, nasal congestion, loss of voice or hoarseness

9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Lower Respiratory Disease Signs and symptoms  COPD – includes bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia  Bronchitis – chest pains, dyspnea, cough, fever, chills, hypoxia  Asthma – breathlessness or panting, wheezing,  Emphysema – suffocating feeling, distressed breathing, collapsed lung  Cystic Fibrosis – inherited, dyspnea, wheezing, persistent cough, thick sputum  Pneumonia – dyspnea, fever, chest pain, productive cough

10. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Lower Respiratory Disease Signs and symptoms  Pleurisy – Painful breathing – complication of pneumonia  Legionnaire’s disease – fatigue, coughing, sob, neuromuscular impairments, collapsed lung  Primary atypical pneumonia (walking) – flu-like symptoms, fatigue, fever, weakness, headache, sore throat, GI disorders – can become worse, but generally can function among others with this disease  Primary TB – Cough with sputum, difficult to diagnose without know contact