1. Challenges to Effective Policing Criminal Justice I Unit 5 Mr. Concannon Smith

3. Police Investigations Mr. Concannon Smith

4. Aggressive Investigation Strategies  Detectives spend much of their time investigating common crimes (not the pop-culture TV crimes)  Many crimes are solved by the quality of information collected by patrol officers initially on the scene  Detectives can implement more aggressive strategies  Going undercover is considered to be a dangerous and controversial activity  Confidential informants (“CI” for short) may provide access to information about criminal activities

5. Clearance Rates  Clearance rates refer to the proportion of cases in which an arrest has been made and a suspect prosecuted.  Clearance is the ultimate goal of law enforcement  When cases are not cleared they may become “cold”  More than eighty percent of large-city police departments have cold case squads

6. Guess what the clearance rate is for murder in this country?

8. Graphing Data  Use the UCR Table 26: “Percent of Offenses Cleared” to create a graph that compares two regions for a particular crime.  You decide what graph would BEST convey the comparison  Line  Bar graph  On a separate sheet, explain why you chose the type of graph that you chose and why it is better than the other choices to represent the data.  Did you learn anything about the regions you looked at?

10. Are Too Many Police Officers White? Mr. Concannon Smith

11. Patrol Officers  Patrol officers are considered lowest rung (2/3 of officers) but also most valuable members of the agency  The purpose of patrol 1. Deter crime by maintaining a visible police presence 2. Maintain public order and a sense of security 3. Provide twenty-four-hour-a-day services that are not crime related

12. Patrol Activities 1. Preventive patrol through maintenance of police presence within the community (40 percent of patrol time) 2. Responding to calls for service (25 percent of patrol time) 3. Administrative service, including paperwork (almost 20 percent of patrol time) 4. Officer-initiated activities, such as contacts with citizens and speaking with pedestrians(15 percent of patrol time) Sean Collier (died April 18 th 2013) Age 27

13. Recruitment Issues  Recruiting members of minority groups and women  Historically, the typical American police officer was a white male  Only within the last thirty years has the issue of minorities and women on the police force been addressed  1964 Civil Rights Act guaranteed minorities and women equal access to jobs in law enforcement  1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act set stage for affirmative action in hiring and promotion  Many departments have begun to realize the benefits of a culturally diverse police force, including improved community relations  Women have historically faced greater barriers to hiring than minorities, mostly due to physical fitness tests that discriminate against women

14. San Diego… Problems with Testing? 1. What is the argument of the article about San Diego? (how can you tell what the argument is?) 2. Pull a quote that supports your claim for the argument of the article. Explain why you think this quote reveals the argument of the source. 3. How does the article on racially biased testing relate to the subject of the article on San Diego? Explain…

16. Interrogations and Confessions Mr. Concannon Smith

18. Interrogations: what to know  Interrogations can either be “good” or “bad” (same as a search)  We are talking about constitutionality (admissible/inadmissible)  You must be “Mirandized” before being interrogated while in custody  The 5 th amendment protects against coerced confessions (under the self incrimination clause). Protection against police procedures  Police CANNOT use physical force to bring about a confession  Police CAN use psychological tricks to “get at the truth.”  Examples include  the “friend ratted on you already” trick  stretch the bounds of evidence collected at the scene  The question today is what makes for a BAD interrogation?

19. A Bad Interrogation Mr. Concannon Smith

27. Forensic Investigations: Benefits &Challenges Mr. Concannon Smith

29. Forensic Investigations & DNA 1. Forensics is the practice of using science and technology to investigate crimes 2. Forensics can be used to determine key elements of a crime, such as the time and cause of death, and the identities of the crime victim and offender 3. Many police departments operate or are affiliated with crime laboratories 4. Crime Scene forensics  The first law enforcement agent on the scene of a crime has the important task of protecting trace evidence  Trace evidence can be very small, and even invisible to the naked eye  Shell cases and spent bullet cartridges are collected at a crime scene and preserved for ballistic examination  A key form of trace evidence that has been collected at crime scenes for many years is the human fingerprint

30. The DNA Revolution  DNA is the genetic code for every living organism  DNA has supplanted fingerprinting as the most important piece of forensic evidence  No two people, except for identical twins, have the same DNA  A match can exclude a suspect, or identify one conclusively at the odds of 30 billion to 1.

31. DNA in Action  The use of DNA often increases the chance that a crime will be solved  A “ COLD HIT” occurs when law enforcement finds a suspect out of nowhere by comparing DNA at a crime scene to information stored in a database  The National Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the largest and most important DNA database in the U.S.  CODIS is maintained by the FBI and stores the DNA profiles of offenders who have been convicted of various crimes

32. Rise of Fingerprinting

33. What are fingerprints?  Friction ridge skin pattern  Found on fingers, palms, toes, soles of feet.  Composed of ridges (hills) and furrows (valleys) Black = Ridges White = Valleys Fingerprints

34. What are fingerprints?  Develop in early embryonic development.  Pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat random  Identical twins do not have identical fingerprints Fingerprints

35. How are fingerprints analyzed? Categorized by pattern and minutiae Fingerprints

36. How are fingerprints analyzed? Patterns ArchLoop Whorl Fingerprints

37. How are fingerprints analyzed? Minutiae Dot Bifurcation Island Ridge Ending Fingerprints

38. Computer software compares the location of these minutiae. Fingerprints

39. Modern Fingerprint Analysis  Computer system stores patterns and minutiae of prints  AFIS: automated fingerprint identification system Fingerprints

42. Forensic Science Lab Activity T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/ Warning: Some material in this presentation and related videos may be too graphic for some people.

43. BPA= Bloodstain Pattern Analysis What can you tell from analysis of a blood spatter? 1.Type and velocity of weapon 2.Number of blows 3.Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed) 4.Position and movements of the victim and assailant 5.Which wounds were inflicted first 6.Type of injuries 7.How long ago the crime was committed 8.Whether death was immediate or delayed

44. Light Source Investigators will first examine the crime scene to look for areas that may contain blood. They may use a high-intensity light or UV lights to help them find traces of blood Blood Reagent Tests These tests, referred to as presumptive tests, are used to detect blood based upon the properties of hemoglobin Examples: 1.Phenolphthalein is a chemical that is usually referred to as the Kastle-Meyer test and produces a pink color when it reacts with hemoglobin. 2.HemaStix is a strip that has been coated with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and will produce a green or blue-green color Finding Blood

45.  Spatter: Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area where the blood originated.  Origin/Source: The place from where the blood spatter came from or originated.  Angle of Impact: The angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface. Parent Drop Spines Satellite Spatters Parent Drop: The droplet from which a satellite spatter originates. Satellite Spatters: Small drops of blood that break of from the parent spatter when the blood droplet hits a surface. Spines: The pointed edges of a stain that radiate out from the spatter; can help determine direction BPA Terms

46. Passive Bloodstains Patterns created from the force of gravity Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc. Projected Bloodstains Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast- off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of the nose, mouth, or wound. Transfer or Contact Bloodstains These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to identify an object or body part. A wipe pattern is created from an object moving through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created from an object leaving a bloodstain. Types of Patterns

47. Passive Stains

48. Passive Stain

49. Projected Stain

51. Contact/Transfer Stain

52. Blood Spatter Labs You will be creating sample drop patterns using single drops and multiple drops. We will also investigate the effect of motion and the angle of impact on blood spatter. This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper and not on yourself, the table, or floor. Hold you hand as steady as possible when making the drops. Brace your wrist against the meter stick to help you. Get your materials from your teacher – paper, black marker, meter stick, goggles, and a bottle of blood. If you make a mess, clean it up immediately!

53. Lab 1: Single Droplets 2550 Single Drops 75100 Single Drops Label two pieces of paper as shown below. 1.Hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. It should NOT hit the meter-stick. 2. Repeat TWO more times at this height for a total of three drops. 3. Continue making drops of blood on your paper, but put the drop in a different area of the paper and change the height each time. 4.When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Make a mistake? Use a paper towel to wipe it off your paper! Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

54. Lab 2: Multiple Droplets Label 4 separate pieces of paper as shown below. 1.To do the lab, hold the dropper so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. The drop should NOT hit the meter- stick. 2.Without moving your hand, release ONE more drop onto the first drop at that height. If you make a mistake, wipe it off with a paper towel and try it again. 3.Continue making drops of blood on your paper so you have three sets for each height. 4.When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Multiple Drops 255075100 Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

55. Lab 3: Motion Droplets During this lab, you will see how motion affects the size and shape of the droplets and spines. You will need a long piece of paper (2-3 meters in length) and tape to secure it to the floor. 1.To do the lab, you will need to hold the dropper bottle upside down so that your hand is out and away from your body (waist level), but is still over the paper. 2.Start off walking at a SLOW WALKING RATE from one end to the other and GENTLY squeeze the bottle as you walk so that blood is released ONE DROP at a time. Be sure that all the drops land on your paper strip. 3.Repeat this procedure using a NORMAL WALKING RATE and a FAST WALKING RATE. Walking Direction When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Miss the paper? Use a paper towel to wipe it off the floor!

56. You will be creating sample drop patterns created by droplets landing at different angles from the same height. 1. Label five pieces of copy paper with your names and then indicate the angle for each droplet - 15 o, 30 o, 45 o, 60 o, or 75 o. 2. Place the first piece of paper on the clip board and align the clipboard with the 15 o line. Hold the bottle of blood at a height of 50 centimeters from the top of the table. 3. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands on the paper. Repeat two more times at this angle. 4.Continue testing by dropping blood from a height of 50 centimeters at each of the other angles. Lab 4: Angle of Impact When you are done, answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Angle Guide Clipboard & Paper Height of 50 cm

57. Which of the three blood droplets shown would have been created by a wound in the lower part of the leg? Explain. If you find a trail of blood with droplets that are round and close together, what could this mean? If you have a blood droplet as shown at left, what does it tell you? Explain.

60. Justice Backlogged Mr. Concannon Smith

61. What is the Backlog?  Every two minutes, someone is sexually assaulted in the United States.  With sexual assault, the body is a part of the crime scene.  When reported, a doctor or nurse will photograph, swab and conduct an exhaustive examination of the victim’s entire body for DNA evidence left behind by the attacker (often invasive)  Process takes four to six hours to complete.  That evidence is collected and preserved in a sexual assault evidence kit, commonly referred to as a rape kit.  Thousands of kits remain untested, sitting in evidence

62. Why the Backlog Exists 1. Lack of resources : it costs between $500 and $1,500 to test one rape kit. Crime lab resources : the demand for DNA testing has grown dramatically.  In addition to rape kit evidence, crime labs receive DNA samples from thousands of other cases Police resources. Many kits never make it to a crime lab in the first place and instead spend years—even decades—sitting untested in police storage facilities.  These agencies further lack resources and staffing to investigate and follow up on leads resulting from rape kit testing.

63. Why the Backlog Exists 2. Detective Discretion : In the majority of jurisdictions, the decision whether to send a rape kit for testing rests solely within the discretion of the officer assigned to the case 3. Prioritization Problem : Law enforcement agencies often fail to dedicate the time and resources that other crimes receive to sexual assault cases. Victim blaming more than any other crime. 4. Case Progress Problem : Due to a lack of understanding about how trauma can affect a survivor of rape, officers often misinterpret survivors’ reactions and choices in the immediate aftermath of the assault as being “uncooperative” or “not credible.” 5. Identity of the Perp. : Many jurisdictions only test kits in cases where the assailant is unknown in order to attempt to identify a suspect through DNA evidence. If all= link unsolved crimes to a serial offender

66. UPDATE 2015: Houston, TX

67. VP Biden backs $41 million fund to reduce rape-kit testing backlog…

68. “Us v. Them” Mentality Police Subculture Mr. Concannon Smith

69. Police Subculture  Values and perceptions shared by members of a police department, which are shaped by unique existence of the police officer  Mistrust of the media and civilians has been identified as one of the hallmarks of a police subculture  The core values of police subculture  Socialization of a rookie police officer begins on the first day of the job through learning of values and rules of police work 1. Attending a police academy 2. Working with a senior officer 3. Making an initial felony arrest 4. Using force to make an arrest for the first time 5. Using or witnessing deadly force for the first time 6. Witnessing major traumatic events for the first time

70. The “Blue Curtain”  A “blue wall of silence” separates police from the civilians they protect.

71. Cynicism  cynicism | ˈ sinə ˌ sizəm|  an inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism: public cynicism about politics.  an inclination to question whether something will happen or whether it is worthwhile; pessimism: cynicism about the future.  ( Cynicism )a school of ancient Greek philosophers, the Cynics.

72. Police Cynicism  Characterized by rejection of the ideals of truth and justice  Cynical police officers lose respect for the law and instead adhere to the values of the police subculture which can lead to increases in police misconduct, corruption, and brutality  Exacerbated by feelings of helplessness

73. Dangers and Stress Danger  There is no such thing as a routine traffic stop  Police officers face threats of physical harm daily  Police work ranks among the ten most dangerous jobs in the U.S. Stress  Measurable stressful  Research has found that police work can lead to: high blood pressure, heart problems, post-traumatic stress disorder, and even suicide  Social isolation associated with police work can lead to high rates of divorce

74. Authority and the Use of Force Mr. Concannon Smith

75. Symbols of Police Authority 1. Uniform 2. Badge 3. Tool kit:  Nightstick  Firearm  Bracelets  Pepper spray  Etc.

76. “Misuse” of Force  In general, use of force by law enforcement personnel is very rare  Police officers are often justified in using force to protect themselves or other citizens

78. Types of Force Non-lethal Force  Regulated by the concept of “reasonable” force  When a “reasonable person” deems that force was necessary  How do you think the media influences this? Lethal Force  Force that an objective police officer realizes will place the subject in direct threat of serious injury  May result in death

79. SCOTUS Decisions Tenn. v. Garner (1985)  set limits for the use of deadly force that can be applied to a fleeing felon Graham v. Conner (1989)  expanded the argument for a reasonable use of deadly force “as needed”

80. Tennessee v. Garner

81. Graham v. Connor

82. Training for the “Real Thing” Mr. Concannon Smith

84. VirTra: Virtual Training ProsCons