2. A Comparison of Art from Medieval to the Renaissance We start with: Late Medieval Art

3.  Giotto, ca 1288-92?  Tempera on wood and ground gold. St. Francis’ Rule Approved

4.  Giotto, 1302 ca.  Tempera on wood and ground gold. The Lamentation

5. The The Crucifixion  Giotto, 1305 ca.  Tempera on wood and ground gold.

6. Medieval Art = Religious Themes  Giotto, 1320 ca.  Tempera on wood and ground gold. The Epiphany

9. 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times.

10. 2. Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

11. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism  free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

12. 4. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

13. 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture!

14. 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Chiaroscuro Sfumato

15. 7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Giorgio Vasari 1550

16. David by Donatello 1430 The Liberation of Sculpture

18. 3 Ninja Turtles!!!

19. 1. Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512 1452 - 1519 Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor

20. Leonardo, the Artist The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483-1486

21. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry

22. horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

23. Detail of Jesus The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498 Deterioration

24. Leonardo, the Sculptor An Equestrian Statue 1516-1518

25. Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Study of a central church. 1488

27. 2. Michelangelo Buonorrati 1475 – 1564 He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.

28. David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble

29.  15c 16c  What a difference a century makes!

30. The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble The Popes as Patrons of the Arts

31. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

32. The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

33. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

34. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

35. The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace

36. The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

37. 3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

38. Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, 1514-1515 Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control.

39. Perspective!Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael1504

40. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

41. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. The School of Athens – Raphael, details

42. Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras

43. Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid

44. Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael, 1518-1519 A Medici Pope. He went through the Vatican treasury in a year! His extravagances offended even some cardinals [as well as Martin Luther!]. Started selling indulgences.

45. Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty.

47.  Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.  -But, Italian influence was strong.  -Painting in OIL developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy.  -The differences between the two cultures:  Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.  Northern Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.

48.  CHARACTERISTICS  CHARACTERISTICS:  -More princes & kings were patrons of artists.  -The continuation of late medieval attention to details.  -Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].  -Interest in landscapes.  -More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life.  - Details of domestic interiors.  -Great skill in portraiture.

50. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441),  The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

51. Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434

52. Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife

53. Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464) The Deposition 1435

54. van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)

55. Quentin Massys (1465-1530) Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

59.  A new phase of Italian influence in France began with the French invasions of the Italian peninsula that began in 1494.  -The most important royal patron was Francis I.  -Actively encouraged humanistic learning.  -Invited da Vinci and Andrea del Sarto to France.  -He collected paintings by the great Italian masters like Titian, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

60. Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525

62. Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553), Court painter at Wittenberg from 1505-1553., His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

63. Matthias Grünewald (1470-1528)  -Converted to Lutheranism.  -Possibly involved in the Peasants’ Revolt on the peasants side.  -Depictions of intense emotion, especially painful emotion., The Mocking of Christ, 1503 

64. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

65. Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

66. Dürer The Last Supper woodcut, 1510

67. Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 1515-1517

68. The Triumphal Arch, details

70. Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut, 1498

72. Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)  -One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.  -While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus.  - Henry VIII was his patron from 1536.  Great portraitist noted for:  Objectivity & detachment.  Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects., Erasmus Writing, 1523 

73. Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

74. Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533 A Skull

75. Multiple Perspectives

77. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)  One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age.  Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels.  In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.  Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies.  A lot of his work is biblical … parables

78. Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562

79. Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

80. Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565

81. Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565

82.  master of landscapes; not a portraitist.  -People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces.  -They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious.  See The Beggars – next slide

83. Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

84. ConclusionsConclusions  The artistic production of Northern Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and complex.  The Northern Renaissance ended with a Mannerist phase, which lasted a generation longer in the North than it did in Italy, where it was outmoded by 1600.  Mannerism = maniera – style  Distorted figures and exaggerated musculature and heightened color to express emotion  Titian – master of color – Vivid Red & Blue  Michalangelo – Last Judgement