1. USC Mechanical Engineering LAMSS Laboratory for Adaptive Materials and Smart Structures

2. USC Mechanical Engineering Outline  Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education n Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) n E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring n Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation n Smart Materials Actuation

3. USC Mechanical Engineering EMCH 367 - Controllers Same chip: MC68HC11 Motorola MC68HC11EVB: $200 - Ideal for still applications - More memory suits bigger programs - Communicates directly with PC Homebuilt: $20 + labor - Cheaper - Smaller - Better suited for autonomous robots

4. USC Mechanical Engineering EMCH 367 Projects USC Raceway Robert Legg Dave Durgin In memory of Dale Earnhardt 1951-2001

5. USC Mechanical Engineering EMCH 367 Projects Guided Autonomous Vehicle David ButtsThomas Tisdale

6. USC Mechanical Engineering Projects – Summer 2000 CD-Bot : Searching light and avoiding objects Peter James

7. USC Mechanical Engineering Projects – Summer 2000 CD-Bot : IR detection Peter James

8. USC Mechanical Engineering Outline n Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP)  Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) n E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring n Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation n Smart Materials Actuation

9. USC Mechanical Engineering RITA IAC AMCOM VMU 1-- 50 US ARMY NC, KY, MS-ARNG SC-ARNG AASF UH-60AH-64 Raw Data ULLS-A Parts and Maintenance Crew Chief’s Laptop Condition Indicators USC Data Repository VPROCs AMPs VPROCs AMPs VMEP data must be: Catalogued Time/aircraft synchronized Accessible and retrievable Diagnostics and Prognostics RT&B and HUMS CI’s Logistics Maintenance Data Raw Vibration Data Crew Chief’s Laptop O&S Cost Benefit Analysis HUMS Vibration Monitoring R&R VMU/VMEP Integrity RT&B Vibration Management VMEP/VMU SYSTEM PROTOTYPE BETA TESTING AT SCARNG VMEP Roadmap

10. USC Mechanical Engineering SCARNG Vibration Management Enhancement Program (VMEP) A partnership has been established to conduct enhanced implementation of the VMEP project and experimentally identify life-cycle cost savings and benefits.

11. USC Mechanical Engineering AVA System © 2000 by SC-ARNG

12. USC Mechanical Engineering AVA RT&B Procedure Vibration reduction after RT&B correction Initial vibration patterns at various speeds © 2000 by SC-ARNG

13. USC Mechanical Engineering VMEP Hardware-Software Light-weight low-cost data acquisition and processing unit (COTS components), with easily upgradeable open architecture hardware and software Smart Rotor Smoothing Algorithms Engine Vibration Health Monitoring Vibration Management Unit (VMU) Gear and Drive Train Monitoring © 2000 by SC-ARNG

14. USC Mechanical Engineering VMEP RT&B Tests

15. USC Mechanical Engineering USC-VMEP Data Repository ULLS-A (tapes) Engineering & Info. Tech. Math Statistics Bio Statistics Data Repository Teradata computer RITA-HUMS (www) AVA (Kermit) MATLAB (www)

16. USC Mechanical Engineering Hanger Bearing Tail Rotor Gearbox Main Transmission Input and Accessory Nose Gearbox Intermediate Gearbox T700 Engine AH-64 Drive-train Vibration Survey

17. USC Mechanical Engineering Outline n Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education n Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring  E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring n Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation n Smart Materials Actuation

18. USC Mechanical Engineering Health Monitoring of Aging Aircraft Structures AGING! Damage due to aging Aging aircraft panel with simulated crack Local-area health monitoring of a helicopter rotor blade. Giurgiutiu, et al (1997) Active piezoelectric sensors on an engine blade

19. USC Mechanical Engineering E/M Impedance Method Results by Giurgiutiu, Turner, 1998

20. USC Mechanical Engineering Outline n Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education n Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) n E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation  Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation n Smart Materials Actuation

21. USC Mechanical Engineering Wave Propagation Theories Study n Waves in solid were studied n Waveform visualization n Wave speed dispersion Lamb wave – symmetric mode Lamb wave – anti-symmetric mode

22. USC Mechanical Engineering Embedded piezoelectric active sensor development n PZT wafer transducers on beam specimen n Wave propagation experiment at different frequencies n Wave speed – Frequency curve

23. USC Mechanical Engineering Experiment on aircraft panels n PZT wafer transducers array on aircraft panel n Wave analysis

24. USC Mechanical Engineering Development of Concepts for Automatic Health Monitoring System Wireless health monitoring system on board of civil aircraft The future of such sensing is conceptualized as integrated part of real structures and could be compared with nervous systems of living organisms, so that the active sensors will “feel” the structure and provide a feedback in terms of information on the structural health.

25. USC Mechanical Engineering Outline n Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education n Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) n E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring n Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation Smart Materials Actuation  Smart Materials Actuation

26. USC Mechanical Engineering Smart Materials Smart material Applied field  Upon the application of an external field, the material expands or contracts. Smart (active, intelligent, adaptive) materials: - piezoelectric materials  electric field - magnetostrictive materials  magnetic field - shape memory alloys  temperature Applications:- space technology - rotorcraft and aircraft industry - sonar technology - vibration and noise reduction

27. USC Mechanical Engineering Characterization of the PiezoSystems Jena PAHL120/20 piezoelectric actuator Manufacturer: PiezoSystems Jena Model # : PAHL120/20 Maximum voltage (V): 150 Max. displ. (  m): 120 Blocked force (N): 3500 Capacitance (  F): 42 Displacement (  m) Force (N) External stiffness Voltage kiki keke Force, Displacement Coupled electro-mechanical behavior of PAHL 120/20 Actuator

28. USC Mechanical Engineering Impedance analyzer ~0V PhAngle method 23.0V PhAngle method 34.5V PhAngle method 46.4V PhAngle method 58.6V Frequency (Hz) Impedance (Ohms) Impedance measurements on the ETREMA AA140J130 Magnetostrictive actuator Manufacturer: Etrema Inc. Model # : AA –140J013 Maximum current (A RMS):  3 Max. displ. (  m):  70 Max. dynamic force (N):  890 Blocked force (N): 1740 DC Resistance (  ): 2.3 Inductance (mH): 3.5 Electric impedance change with current and frequency Etrema actuator RERE LELE R U RE URUR U LE UTUT Measured : U T, U R, delay (phase) between U T and U R

29. USC Mechanical Engineering Summary n Mechatronics – Micro-controllers Education n Vibration Monitoring Enhancement Program (VMEP) n E/M Impedance Structural Health Monitoring n Wave Propagation Non-destructive Evaluation n Smart Materials Actuation