1. Removal of moisture and heat upwelling 1. Ocean Conveyor Belt

2. 10 5 5 1 1 Sv = 10 6 m 3 /s 2 (From Broecker, 1990)

3. 3

4. 4. MAIN WATER MASSES IN THE OCEAN

5. Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea Labrador Sea From Pinet (1998) 5.

6. 1000 m Iceland Newfoundland LabradorSea DenmarkStrait Iceland-FaeroesRidge Ireland U.K. North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) 5b.

7. Greenland Iceland NADW going through Denmark Strait From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) 6.

8. Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea Labrador Sea

9. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) 3000 m 7.

10. From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) to Argentine Basin to Cape Basin 8.

11. Rio Grande Rise Santos Plateau 9. Vema Channel Minimum Temperatures Year Θ ºC Argentine Basin Brazil Basin

12. 10. AABW extent (from Talley, 1999)

13. Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea Labrador Sea 11.

14. From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) = Polar Front forms at the Polar Front 12.

16. From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003) 13.

17. Schematic of all water masses

18. Atlantic Section Rio Grande Rise Ceará

21. Water Masses SACWNACW SACW - South Atlantic Central Water NACW - North Atlantic Central Water SPCW - South Pacific Central Water NPCW - North Pacific Central Water SICW - South Indian Central Water ECW - Equatorial Central Water AAIW - Antarctic Intermediate Water AIW - Arctic Intermediate Water MIW - Mediterranean Intermediate Water RSIW - Red Sea Intermediate Water NPIW - North Pacific Intermediate Water AABW - Antarctic Bottom Water NADW - North Atlantic Deep Water AADW - Antarctic Deep Water NABW - North Atlantic Bottom Water CoW - Common Water (AAIW + NADW) PSW - Pacific Subarctic Water From Pinet (1998)

22. 14. The Effect of the Mediterranean on the North Atlantic From Pinet (1998)

23. 15a.

24. 15b.

25. 15c.

26. 15d.

27. 15e.

28. NEC NECC UC 16. Equatorial Current System SECSECC

29. 17

30. 18