1. History of Microbiology

2. VOCABULARY
Fermentation: the enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon). For example, ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required. Fermentation is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air.
Pasteurization: the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.
Anaerobic: without oxygen

3. Aristotle
Spontaneous Generation

4. Virgil
Bees grow from honey and flies grow from meat

5. The Romans
Used a magnifying lens called “Flea glasses”

6. Zacharias Janssen
Invented the first compound microscope

7. The First Microscope

8. Galileo
Improved the microscope, Improved the telescope

9. First Telescope

10. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
Improved the simple microscope to a magnification of
270x
Described first microbes.

11. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

12. Basic Shapes
COCCI
RODS
SPIRALS
Staphylococci
Streptococci

13. Arrangements Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci
Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

14. Robert Hooke
Coined the term “cells”

15. Robert Hooke

16. The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ Forms life.
The alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

17. Francisco Redi
Biogenesis Theory:
Maggots do not grow from meat.

18. Francisco Redi

19. Evidence Pro and Con
1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Conditions
Results
3 jars covered with fine net
No maggots
3 open jars
Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

20. John Needham
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

21. 1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask
Microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

22. 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

23. Louis Pasteur

24. The Theory of Biogenesis
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Figure 1.3

25. Edward Jenner
First vaccine:
Smallpox

26. Edward Jenner

27. Rudolf Virchow Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory).

28. Agostino Bassi
Silkworm disease is caused by a fungus

29. Louis Pasteur

30. Spontaneous Generation Theory
Aristotle thought that the mice grew from the grain and hay, and he coined the term “Spontaneous generation”
Virgil: bees grew from honey and that flies grew from meat.
Redi: maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs; they only grew on the meat in which the jars were not covered.
John Needham believed in spontaneous generation; boiled nutrient broth to kill all microbes, put a non-sterile cork in the flask, found that the broth grew microbes.
Louis Pasteur: made a glass flask with an “S” shaped bend in it so that bacteria could not enter into it but air could get in. He placed chicken broth in the flask and boiled it so that it was sterile and observed that there was no bacterial growth in the broth.

31. Sheep Vaccine for Anthrax

32. Robert Koch

33. Koch’s Postulates
Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.
Isolate this microbe in pure culture.
Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.
Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal. If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal, this proves the etiology (cause) of the disease.

34. Joseph Lister

35. Operation using Lister's carbolic spray invented in 1869

36. Ignaz Semmelwise
Puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.

37. Paul Ehrlich
First Antibiotic:
For syphilis

38. Paul Ehrlich

39. Von Behring
Invented diphtheria antitoxin

40. Ross
Mosquitoes transmit malaria

41. Metchnikoff Discovered White Blood Cells and phagocytosis:
Began field of immunology

42. Alexander Fleming

43. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
Figure 1.5

44. Chain and Florey
Purified penicillin as a medicine

45. Rebecca Lancefield

46. Lancefield’s Streptococcus Classification

47. Frederick Griffith
Discovered DNA

48. Watson and Crick
Detailed the structure of human DNA.

49. DNA Structure Deoxyribose (sugar) A, T, C, G (nucleic acids)
Phosphate (to form the bonds)

50. Jacob and Monod
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis

51. Protein Synthesis

52. Delbruck and Hershey
Structure of viruses

53. Virus

54. Tonegawa
Antibody genetics

55. Prusiner
Discovery of prions

56. Prions

57. SELECTED NOBEL PRIZES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1901 Behring diphtheria antitoxin
1902 Ross malaria transmission
1905 Koch TB bacterium
1908 Metchnikoff phagocytosis
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey penicillin
1969 Delbruck, Hershey viral replication
1987 Tohegawa antibody genetics
1997 Prusiner prions