1. The Early Greeks

2. Loo king Back, Looking Ahead In the earlier chapters, you learned about Mesopotamia and Egypt. These civilizations grew up in great river valleys with rich soil. Greece had no great river valleys. Instead, it had mountains, rocky soil, and many miles of seacoasts.

3. BIG IDEA (s) The geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did. (page 337) The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading. (page 338) Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region. (page 339) The idea of citizenship developed in Greek city- states. (page 341) Colonies and trade spread Greek culture and spurred industry. (page 343)

4. Content Vocabulary Peninsula Polis Agora Colony

5. Did You Know? In early Greece, roads were bumpy dirt trails and of little use to travelers. Because of this, ships became very important. To be near ships, most Greek communities settled within 60 miles of the sea.

6. I. The Geography of Greece A. Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula—a body of land with water on three sides. B. The Ionian Sea is to the west of Greece, the Aegean Sea is to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea is to the south. C. Ancient Greeks were fishers, sailors, traders, and farmers.

7. I. The Geography of Greece (Cont.) D. Although Greece’s rocky soil made it difficult to farm, people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes in the favorable climate.

8. I. The Geography of Greece (Cont.) How might a peninsula be affected by its surrounding water? Land travel might be limited, the climate might be positively or adversely affected, and occupations of the people might be ocean-related, such as sailing and fishing.

9. II. The Minoans A. The ruins of the Minoan civilization, the first civilization to arise in Greece, are on the island of Crete.

10. II. The Minoans (Cont.) B. Artifacts at the palace at Knossos reveal the riches of the Minoan people, such as wine, oil, jewelry, and statues.

11. II. The Minoans (Cont.) C. The Minoan people were traders, traveling by ship to trade with other countries. D. The Minoan civilization collapsed around 1450 B.C. Historians disagree on the cause of the Minoan destruction.

12. II. The Minoans (Cont.) How do historians know the Minoans were a wealthy people? Artifacts at the palace of Knossos included items only wealthy people would have, such as bathrooms.

13. III. The First Greek Kingdoms A. The first Greek kings were Mycenaean leaders, whose people invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 B.C. In the center of each Mycenaean kingdom was a palace surrounded by large farms.

14. III. The First Greek Kingdoms (Cont.) B. The Mycenaeans began trading with the Minoans and learned much about Minoan culture. Before collapsing around 1100 B.C., the Mycenaean civilization was the most powerful on the Mediterranean.

15. C. The Dark Age occurred between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C. and was a time of poverty and less trade among people.

16. D. The Dorians invaded Greece, bringing new weapons and farming technology to the Greek people. They settled on the Peloponnesus. E. The Greeks learned about an alphabet from the Phoenicians, one of their trading partners. The Greek alphabet had 24 letters that stood for different sounds.

18. What was one positive result of the Dark Age? Greeks left the mainland and settled in other countries. This helped spread Greek culture.

19. IV.The Polis A. A polis, or city-state, was like an independent country. City-states varied in size and population. B. An acropolis, located at the top of a hill, was the main gathering place of the city-state. C. An agora, or open area, served as a market and as a place for people to meet and debate issues.

20. IV.The Polis (Cont) D. The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities. E. In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land- owning men could be citizens.

21. IV.The Polis (Cont) F. Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court. G. The military of the city-states was made up of ordinary citizens, not nobles. These citizens were called hoplites and fought each battle on foot instead of on horses.

22. How does the Greek definition of a citizen compare to the modern definition of a United States citizen? Ancient Greeks decided that only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens. In the modern United States, men, women, native-born, and naturalized people can be citizens, whether they own property or not.

23. V.A Move to Colonize A.After the Dark Age, Greek people began to set up colonies in other countries. This colonization spread Greek culture. B.Trade between colonists and the parent cities grew, and soon merchants were trading goods for money instead of more goods.

24. V.A Move to Colonize

25. What invention allowed merchants to trade for money? The Greeks began minting coins, which allowed merchants to trade for money.

26. Summary Geography influenced the way Greek communities developed. The Minoan civilization on the island of Crete built ships and became wealthy from trade. The Mycenaeans created the first Greek kingdoms. After the Dark Age, the Greeks set up colonies and trade increased. The idea of citizenship developed in Greek city-states.

27. The End