1. Nematodes and Soil Ecology Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Vineyards Howard Ferris Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis hferris@ucdavis.edu February, 2014 http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

2. Nematodes, the most abundant multi-cellular animals on the planet, are unsegmented roundworms. They inhabit soil, freshwater and marine environments. Most are microscopic. Many feed on micro-organisms while some are important parasites of humans, animals or plants. Most soil forms are 1 mm or less in length. They live in water films around soil particles. Introducing Nematodes……….

3. All plant-parasitic nematodes have a hollow stylet or spear

5. Plant-feeding nematodes…….. Cause mechanical injury and death of cells and tissues Modify cell development and function Alter photosynthate partitioning Predispose plants to diseases and other stresses Some vector plant viruses Stunting, slow growth, dieback Chlorosis and nutrient deficiencies Wilting Reduced yield Lack of response to other treatments Root symptoms

6. North Coast Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Central Coast Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Northern Interior/Foothills Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Central Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Southern Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax California Grapes: Co-distribution of Nematodes Many of these are not native species. Why are they there? …..the importance of nursery certification and clean planting stock

7. Nematode-free Planting Stock - Nurseries Dormant cuttings are bench-grafted, callused, and planted in field nurseries or finished in the greenhouse. 70% are planted in nematode-free* soil at 10-15 cm spacing, grown for 8-9 months, undercut, and sold as rooted cuttings. 30% are planted in sleeves of nematode-free planting medium, healed and established in greenhouses and then sold. Hot water treatment at 53°C for 5 min to kill vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) is now an industry standard. Coincidentally, hot water treatment at 52°C for 5 min is recommended for nematode-infested nursery material. CDFA Nursery Certification Program for nematode-free planting stock is voluntary but most rootstock production is certified. * Nematode-free soil is difficult to find and chemical disinfestation is less reliable as toxic biocides are withdrawn. Images:Sunridge Nurseries Mercier Nursery

8. Producing Clean Planting Stock Strategy A. 1.Select soil that is not infested with plant-parasitic nematodes 2.Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy B. 1.Sites known to be infested or with unknown infestation status a. 1,3-dichloropropene 319 + 159 kg/ha (14-day interval) b. Methyl bromide (high density polyethylene film) 336 kg/ha c. Methyl bromide 336 + 168 kg/ha (7-day interval) d. Combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene deep and methyl isothiocyanate superficial 2. Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy C. Container-grown in nematode-free sterile media * ** *- * ** *- Volatile Organic Compound regulations Volatile Organic Compound and Quarantine/Preshipment criteria (and cost) Volatile Organic Compound regulations (and poor weed control)

9. Management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards…. Preplant management –Planting site selection, non-host rotation –Rootstock selection –Certified nematode-free planting stock –Preplant soil disinfestation, nematicides –Clean equipment, water –Biological antagonists and soil food web health Postplant management –Amendments –Nematicides –Cover crops –Biological antagonists and soil food web health

10. Breeding and Selection for Broad and Durable Resistance a 15-year process

11. GenotypeParentage M. incognita Race 3 M. javanica Meloidogyne pathotypes Harmony A&C M. chitwoodi X. index M. xenoplax P. vulnu T. semipenetrans X. ameriacanum Para. hamatus 101-14MgtV. riparia, V. rupestris R SSMR S 1103Paulsen V. solonis x V. riparia S SSMS S 110RichterV. berlandieri, V. rupestris MR SSS S 140RuggeriV. berlandieri, V. rupestris MR SSS MS 1613CoudercV. solonis, V. othelloRRSSMRSMSSS 1616CoudercV. solonis, V. riparia MR SSMS S 3309CoudercV. riparia, V. rupestrisSSS MSSSSSS 420AV. berlandieri, V. riparia R SSMS S 44-53MalegueV. riparia, V. cordifolia, V. rupestris S SMRMS S AxR1V. vinifera, V. rupestris S SSS S BornerV. riparia, V. cinerea R RSMS Dog RidgeV. champiniiRRS SS MR MS Freedom V. champinii, V. longii, V. vinífera, V. riparia, V. labrusca RRSS?RMS S MR Harmony V. champinii, V. longii, V. vinífera, V. riparia, V. labrusca RRSSMSSSSSS K51-32V. champinii, V. rupestrisMR MSSRS S Kober 5BBV. berlandieri, V. riparia R SSMS MR RamseyV. champiniiRRSS?MRSMS SS Riparia GloireV. riparia R RSMR S RS-3V. candicans, V. riparia, V. rupestrisRRMR SS S hferris@ucdavis.eduhferris@ucdavis.edu http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

12. GenotypeParentage M. incognita Race 3 M. javanica Meloidogyne pathotypes Harmony A&C M. chitwoodi X. index M. xenoplax P. vulnu T. semipenetrans X. ameriacanum Para. hamatus RS-9V. candicans, V. riparia, V. rupestrisRRRRSSMS S SchwarzmannV. riparia, V. rupestrisSMRS MSSS S St. GeorgeV. rupestrisS S SSMS Teleki 5CV. berlandieri, V. ripariaMSMRS MSSSS USDA 10-17AV. simpsoni, M. rotundifoliaRRRRRMSRR USDA 10-23BV. doaniannaRRRRRMRRR USDA 6-19BV. champiniiRRMSRMR RRR VR O39-16V. vinifera, M. rotundifoliaSSS RRMRS UCD GRN1 V. rupestris cv A. de Serres, M. rotundifolia cv Cowart RRRRMRR UCD GRN2 V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv Dog Ridge, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire RRRMSMRMSMR UCD GRN 3 V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv Dog Ridge), V. champinii cv c9038, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire RRRMR UCD GRN4 V. rufotomentosa, V. champinii cv Dog Ridge), V. champinii cv c9038, V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire RRRMR MS UCD GRN5 V. champinii cv Ramsey, V. champinii cv c9021), V. riparia cv Riparia Gloire RRRRMR hferris@ucdavis.eduhferris@ucdavis.edu http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

13. Nemaplex: http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex finding the information…….

15. Postplant Nematode Management Enzone (CS 2 liberator) applied in irrigation water [ectoparasites +++, endo ?] (Arysta LifeScience) DiTera (antibiotic) applied in irrigation water - drip or furrow - 20 lb per acre three times per year [ectoparasites ++, endo ?] (Valent) Movento (spirotetramat) a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor with systemic activity – applied by foliar spray [ectoparasites ++, endo ++] (Bayer CropScience) Notes:chemical nematicides may disrupt food web structure and function nematicide rotation to delay loss of efficacy avoid introducing nematodes on equipment, people, water water and fertility management appropriate to root system increase organic matter for soil structure, water-holding capacity, nutrient value and to build soil food web winter cover crops for soil building and nematicidal effects

16. From Nemaplex: Cover crops for soil building……….. Some plants resistant or immune to Xiphinema index….. Nemaplex – http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex

17. Commercial Soil Amendments …for nematode management and soil health Farewell Microlife Microplex F-68 Soil Conditioner Clandosan 618 Superbac Agrosyn Guano Plus Quinoa Sesame Humic acid Compost Agri-50 Pent-a-vate Arise Fertilaid Zap Ammonium sulfate Ozone Probiotic …….and more Potential Modes of Action Contain beneficial microbes Stimulate or provide resources for antagonists Reduce plant stress (improved soil structure, moisture retention, plant nutrition) Nematicidal breakdown products …..and sometimes……no effect

18. Soil Bacteria Protozoa Soil Microarthropods Soil Nematodes Some Organisms of the Soil Ecosystem -Services and Disservices

19. Biological antagonists of nematodes

20. CO 2 carbohydrates and proteins carbohydrates and amino acids bacteria nematodes fungi CO 2 NH 3 NO 3 protozoa nematodes arthropods fungi arthropods nematodes NH 3 other organisms NH 3 CO 2 CNCN Carbon and energy transfer Carbon is respired by all organisms in the food web The amounts of Carbon and Energy available limit the size and activity of the web Economies of Ecosystems: Carbon and Energy are the Currencies Stewardship

22. Food Web Complexity and the Regulation Function Management practices in industrialized agriculture result in: Soil food web simplification Reduction in higher trophic levels Costa Rica, 2008

23. http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex Thank you!