1. The Age of Industrialization 1. The Rise of Heavy Industry 2. Railroading 3. Invention and Technology 4. The “Robber Barons” 5. Organized Labor

2. Pittsburgh at night

3. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry

4. 1. New Articles of Production

5. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material

6. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology

7. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization

8. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power

9. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power 6. Transportation improvements

10. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry 1. New Articles of Production 2. New Purchasers of Material 3. Technology 4. New methods of Organization 5. New Sources of Power 6. Transportation improvements 7. Improved Communications

11. The Rise of the Railroads

12. The Transcontinental Railroad 1869

13. Union Pacific- East to West

14. The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?

15. The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? Had to go through Rocky Mountains!

16. The Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Union Pacific- East to West Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? Had to go through Rocky Mountains! Met at Prometory Point, Utah, May 1869

17. Jay Gould

18. Cornelius Vanderbilt

19. John D. Rockefeller

20. J. Pierpont Morgan

21. Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.

22. Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill

23. Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.

24. Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. Moved into steel industry

25. Andrew Carnegie Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. Worked in a textile mill Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. Moved into steel industry First to use the “Bessemer Process”

26. Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889)

27. Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism

28. Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Concerned about proper uses of wealth

29. Carnegie and Philanthropy The Gospel of Wealth (1889) Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Concerned about proper uses of wealth Best method is to distribute it while alive!

30. Horatio Alger Wrote “rags to riches” novels about young men who persevered and rose up from poverty.

31. Horatio Alger

32. Distribution of Wealth

33. 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth

34. Distribution of Wealth 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth The richest 10 % owned 3/4!

35. Distribution of Wealth 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth The richest 10 % owned 3/4! But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age.

36. Distribution of Wealth 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth The richest 10 % owned 3/4! But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age. Real wages did increase in manufacturing and other industries during period.

37. Problems of Industrialization

38. Poor Working Conditions

39. Slum Housing

40. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier

41. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work

42. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.”

43. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.” Management reluctance to recognize.

44. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed Language barrier Temporary nature of the work No “safety net.” Management reluctance to recognize. Government siding with management.

45. Early Labor Unions Knights of Labor- Terrence Powderly Cooperative labor where workers would own the means of production. 8 hour work day Open to all producers- regardless of gender, color, or skill level.

46. Early Labor Unions American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers Skilled laborers only (craft unions) Interested in “bread and butter” issues like shorter hours, better pay. Women were excluded.

47. Early Labor Unions International Lady Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)- first labor union exclusively for female workers. However, most leadership positions were taken by males.

48. Why Labor Unions Failed

49. Management desire to kill unions.

50. Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership.

51. Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs).

52. Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers

53. Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers Blacklisting

54. Why Labor Unions Failed Management desire to kill unions. Violence against union membership. Use of strike-breakers (scabs). Cultural and language barriers Blacklisting Military and Police action against unions.

55. Gilded Age Strikes

56. Homestead Strike of 1892

57. Gilded Age Strikes Homestead Strike of 1892 Pullman Strike of 1894