1. AP BIOLOGY Review Campbell Chapter 7

2. less Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have a
higher percentage of phospholipids with ______________ fatty acid tails.
SATURATED UNSATURATED
unsaturated
Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids ________ fluid by restraining
their movements less more
At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it __________ the temperature required for membranes to solidify lowers raises
less
lowers

3. Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of a membrane are called _________________
Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________
Living things must control the balance of water and ions in their tissues. This is called
_____________________
Integral proteins
glycoproteins
Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis)

4.
If a Paramecium were to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would the activity of its contractile vacuole increase or decrease?
Campbell Concept check 7.3
It would decrease, because less water would be entering

5. An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal is
called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called _________________
isotonic
stay the same size
osmosis

6. An environment in which the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside is
called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
Membrane transport that requires energy is called
________________
hypertonic
shrink
ACTIVE

7. glycolipids The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the
cytoplasm inside cells to be more ___________
than the surrounding extracellular fluid
negative positive
Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________
In passive transport molecules always move
___________ their concentration gradient.
down up
negative
glycolipids
DOWN

8. An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside is less than inside the cell is called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called
___________________
hypotonic
swell and burst
aquaporins

9. channel carrier Transport proteins called _____________ proteins
function by forminng a hydrophilic tunnel that
allows charged molecules or ions to pass through
the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane.
Transport proteins called _____________ proteins hold on to their passenger molecules, change
shape, and shuttle them across the membrane.
As a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands via ___________________.
endocytosis exocytosis
carrier
Exocytosis; when vesicles fuse with membrane they become part of the
membrane
Campbell Concept check 7.5

10. Name 3 kinds of passive transport
Name 3 kinds of active transport
Ion channels that open or close in response to a signal are called ___________________
Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis
gated

11. Name the kind of transport
Facilitated diffusion with an Ion channel
Facilitated diffusion with a carrier

12. A transport protein that generates voltage across
a membrane is called an ________________________
When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP?
Electrogenic pump
Campbell Concept check
The pump uses ATP. To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy

13. Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)
Name this kind of transport
Give an example of bulk transport
Sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)
Exocytosis

14. Animation from: http://academic. brooklyn. cuny
Name this kind of transport used by bacteria to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria
phagocytosis

15. If this vesicle is releasing products outside the cell,
this type of transport is called
________________________
If this vesicle is bringing
small molecules & fluids
into the cell, this type
of transport is called
______________________
exocytosis
pinocytosis

16. Fluid mosaic model The currently accepted model that describes cell
Animation from:
Click here to See Fluidity
The currently accepted model that describes cell
membranes as the arrangement of constantly moving
proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or phospholipids is called the
______________________________________
Fluid mosaic model

17. ligands Name this kind of transport that enables the
Name this kind of transport that enables the
cell to acquire bulk quantities
of specific substances
The molecules that bind to these receptors are
called _____________________
Give an example of a molecule that moves into cells in this way _________________
Receptor mediated endocytosis
ligands
Cholesterol LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell

18. Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energy and without the help of any carriers or vesicles
_______________________
DIFFUSION

19. To send a signal, a neuron may carry out exocytosis of chemical signals that are recognized by a 2nd neuron. In some cases, the 1st neuron ends the signal by taking up the signaling molecules by endocytosis.
Would you expect this to occur by pinocytosis or by receptor mediated endocytosis? EXPLAIN
Campbell Concept check
Receptor mediated endocytosis because in this case one specific molecule needs to be taken up at a particular time; pinocytosis takes up molecules in a non-specific manner

20. cotransport Name this kind of transport in which transport of
Name this kind of transport in which transport of
one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the
movement of another moving UP the gradient.
cotransport

21. sodium-potassium pump is NOT considered a cotransporter.
Explain why the
sodium-potassium pump
is NOT considered a
cotransporter.
Campbell concept check 7.4
Each ion is being transported against its gradient. If either ion were flowing DOWN its electrochemical gradient, this would be Co-transport. Co-transport couples the movement of one substance down its gradient with one moving up.

22. Receptor mediated endocytosis
Name the kind of transport used by Golgi bodies in secretory cells to export their products.
Name the kind of transport used by cholesterol to enter cells
Name the molecule that provides energy for active transport
exocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
ATP

23. http://www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp
The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a hypotonic environment is called _________________
The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed
in a hypertonic environment is called ___________________
cytolysis
crenation

24. turgid increase The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic
The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic
environment ______________ the osmotic pressure inside
the cell increases decreases
We would say the cell is ___________ turgid flaccid
increase
turgid

25. http://www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp
The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in
plant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called _______________________
A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _____________________
plasmolysis
flaccid

26. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by
Carrier proteins
like this one are
______________proteins.
Integral peripheral
integral
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by
_________________
Diffusion

27. phagocytosis membrane potential
Kind of endocytosis used to take in large particles or whole cells.
phagocytosis
The voltage across a membrane is called __________________
membrane potential

28. When you sit in the bathtub, your fingers get wrinkly because of the water entering your skin cells. The bathtub water is a ____________ solution compared to your skin cells
hypotonic
Hypotonic isotonic hypertonic

29. selectively permeable
A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called
_______________
Semi permeable OR
selectively permeable

30. Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, Exocytosis, endocytosis
Name a kind of transport that uses
vesicles to move substances across
a membrane
Pinocytosis, phagocytosis,
Exocytosis, endocytosis
Name the kind of transport that
moves WATER across cell membranes
OSMOSIS

31. molecules inside the fish’s cells than in the freshwater. (HYPOTONIC)
A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body. Freshwater is close to 0% salt.
Will water move into or out of this kind of fish?
More solute
molecules inside the fish’s cells
than in the
freshwater. (HYPOTONIC)
Water will move INTO the fish

32. A Which of the following factors would tend to increase
membrane fluidity?
A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
C. a lower temperature
D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane
E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids
compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses
Campbell Concept check A

33. Type of endocytosis in which cells take in small molecules or fluids
Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the Na + -K+ pump?
mitochondria
Type of endocytosis in which cells take in small molecules or fluids
pinocytosis

34. The white circles stand for oxygen molecules.
Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen will move.
Diffusion moves molecules from high concentration to low so…
from the lungs into the blood

35. Based on the model of sucrose uptake in the figure below, which of the following experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?
A. decreasing extracellular sucrose concentration
B. increasing extracellular pH
C. decreasing cytoplasmic pH
D. adding an inhibitor that block the regeneration of ATP
E. adding a substance that make the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions
Campbell Concept check B

36. This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let ions in and out is called a(n) ___________________
Gated ion channel

37. PASSIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE
Facilitated diffusion ___________________
Osmosis ____________________
Na + - K+ pump ____________________
Diffusion ____________________
Endocytosis _______________________
Exocytosis ________________________
Ion channels ________________________
Proton pumps ______________________
Aquaporins _____________________
PASSIVE
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE

38. FACILITATED DIFFUSION (carrier)
Match the picture with the kind of transport
FACILITATED DIFFUSION (carrier)
DIFFUSION

39. EXOCYTOSIS Golgi Bodies Match the picture with the kind of transport
Substance is put in a
vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE
INSIDE OUTSIDE CELL CELL
Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport
Golgi Bodies

40. B In what way do the various membranes of a eukaryotic cell differ?
A. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes
B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane
C. Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable.
D. Only certain membranes are constructed from
amphipathic molecules
E. Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm; while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm.
Campbell Concept check B

41. Na+ - K + pump animal Match the picture with the kind of transport
Energy from ATP is used to move 3 Na + ions OUT of
the cell and carry 2 K + ions INTO the cell
This pump is the main electrogenic pump used in ______________ cells.
plant animal
animal

42. Which of the following processes includes all the others?
A. osmosis
B. diffusion of a solute across a membrane
C. facilitated diffusion
D. passive transport
E. transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient
Campbell Concept check
D; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, ion channels are all kinds of passive transport

43. ENDOCYTOSIS Match the picture with the kind of transport
Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle
If what is moving into the cell is a small molecules and fluids
this would be called __________________
PINOCYTOSIS

44. LABEL THE TONICITY DIAGRAMS
ISOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC

45. Which of these would increase membrane fluidity?
Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion
Which of these would increase membrane fluidity?
a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
b) greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
c) a lower temperature
d) relatively high protein content in membrane
e) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses
Campbell Ch 7 self quiz
Channels and carriers A

46. Channel proteins for water molecules
Diffusion is a spontaneous process in which molecules move _______ their concentration gradient up down
Aquaporins are ______________________
a) carrier proteins
b) channel proteins
c) active cotransporters
d) ligands
e) a kind of Na+-K+ pump
down
Channel proteins for water molecules

47. Name the genetic disorder you learned about in BIO I in which there is a mutation in the protein that transports Cl- ions causing a build up of thick mucous in the lungs and digestive organs
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
Cystic fibrosis

48. Explain why plant cells don’t undergo cytolysis in hypotonic environments but animal cells do.
Give an example of an amphipathic molecule.
Method of splitting a cell membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer
Cell wall is rigid and keeps them from bursting
Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions; so do many proteins
Freeze fracture

49. Name this cell model which proposed that membranes were “sandwiches” of phospholipids between two layers of hydrophilic proteins
Davson-Danielli model

50. A mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
A. mass in daltons
B. mass in grams
C. number of molecules
D. number of atoms
E. volume
Campbell Self quiz
C. A mole of anything contains 6.02 X molecules.
A _______________ molecule has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
Cell membranes are called _____________________ because they allow certain substances to pass through, but keep others out.
amphipathic
Selectively or semi- permeable

51. The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump in ________________ cells.
plant animal
Membrane proteins that span the membrane touching both sides are called _________________ proteins
Name the molecules which can be attached to proteins or lipids in cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition
plant
transmembrane
carbohydrates

52. How would you make a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride?
(The atomic mass of Na is 23 daltons and Cl is 35.5 daltons)
Mass of 1 mole of NaCl = _______ daltons
58.5 g NaCl moles = _______ g/L
1 mole L
Campbell Concept Check 3.2
58.5
( )
29.25 X
Dissolve g of NaCl in water to make 1 L of solution

53. How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid?
(The atomic masses in daltons are approximately 12 for C, 16 for O, and 1 for H)
A g
B. 0.1 g
C. 6.0 g
D g
E. 0.6 g
Campbell Chapter Self Quiz
Mass of 1 mole of acetic acid C = 2 X 12 = 24 daltons H = 4 X 1 = 4 daltons
O = 2 X 16 = 32 daltons
60 daltons
60.0 g of acetic acid and add water to make 10 L of solution (D is correct)
60.0 g X moles = 6 g/L X 10 L = 60.0 g
1 mole 1 L

54. Which type of transport maintains the membrane potential in animal cells?
Molecules that bind specifically to a receptor site
on another molecule are called ____________
Name the transport process you learned about in which ligands are involved in the uptake of molecules
Sodium-potassium pump
ligands
Receptor mediated endocytosis

55. Electrogenic pumps create voltage across cell membranes making the cytoplasm more
_______________ than the extracellular fluid.
negative positive
The water potential ψ for pure water at atmospheric pressure is ______
The addition of solutes ___________ the water potential. increases decreases
negative
zero
decreases

56. lower USE lower and higher to complete the following:
Water always moves from an area with ________ water potential to an area with _______ water potential.
Water with solutes dissolved in it will have a
______________ water potential than plain water.
higher
lower
lower

57. According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly
A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane
C. embedded in a lipid bilayer
D. randomly oriented in the membrane with not fixed
inside-outside polarity
E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution
Campbell Concept check C

58. An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.
The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.
Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell?
Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell?
Campbell Concept check
fructose
glucose

59. Water will move into the cell
An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.
The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.
Campbell Concept check
Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other?
In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water?
Cell (0.05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0.03 M)
Water will move into the cell

60. After the cell is placed in the beaker, which of the following changes will occur?
A. The artificial cell will become more flaccid.
B. The artificial cell will become more turgid.
C. Some water molecules will flow out of the cell, but the majority will flow in.
D. The membrane potential will decrease
E. In spite of the inability of sucrose to cross the cell membrane, eventually the two solutions will become isotonic.
Campbell Concept check
B, C, E are correct