1. Recap – lesson 1 What is perception? Perception: The process which we give meaning to sensory information, resulting in our own interpretation. What is Visual perception? Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings via our eyes. For example, when you organised the black and white patches into the shape of a cow Visual Sensation is the initial process of detecting and decoding environmental information For example: When you look at the first picture of the cow, your eyes transmit information to your brain about which parts are white and which parts are black.

2. The process of Sensation and Perception

3. Eye structure and functions Pupil: The opening in the centre of the iris. The size of the pupil determines the amount of light that enters the eye. Lens Transparent flexible structure in the eye that focuses light on the retina by changing shape Iris The coloured part of the eye. The muscles of the iris change the size of the pupil Cornea The front covering of the eye that covers the iris and pupil Retina A multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye. It contains photoreceptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses. These impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain where they are turned into images.

4. Vision process Looking at your diagram, what order do you think the vision process occurs in? Label in pencil 1-5. 1.Cornea 2.Lens 3.Pupil 4.iris 5.Retina On your poster, draw arrows or write the order of the vision process.

5. Today’s objectives: Characteristics of the visual perception system

6. Visual System Characteristics - RTTOI Reception Transduction Transmission Organisation and Interpretation Activity: Create a sentence whereby the first letter of each word is the visual system process – RTTOI. For example, Rowan Tried To Overcome his Idiosyncrasies

7. Reception Reception: is the process by which the structures of the eye capture an image of a visual stimulus and focus it on the photoreceptors in the retina. There are two types of photoreceptors: Cones: Photoreceptor that responds to high levels of light – responsible for detecting colour vision and fine details. To remember : you eat ice-cream (cone included) during the day when its light. Rods: Photoreceptor that responds to very low levels of light – responsible for night vision. To remember: you go fishing (with your rod) at night when it is dark. Reception

8. Transduction Transduction: the process by which photoreceptors in the retina change electromagnetic energy (light) into electrical impulses (signals) which can travel along the optic nerve to the brain. More simply, conversion of the information into a form that can be processed Reception + Transduction

9. Transmission The process of transferring or moving info from one location to another. (I.e. from receptor cells to the brain) The optic nerve carries the visual information from the retina to the visual cortex which is located at the back of the brain + specialises in receiving and processing visual information. Transmission

10. Organisation and Interpretation Organisation involves assembling or arranging the features of a visual image in a meaningful way. For example, we perceive a ‘house’ rather than ‘doors, windows, walls, roof, chimney Interpretation is the process of assigning (or ‘giving’) meaning to visual information so that we can understand what we are looking at. For example, we know that an aeroplane doesn’t get physically smaller as it takes off from the runway and flies into the sky even though it appears to shrink. Organisation + Interpretation

11. Complete Learning Activity 3.5 – page 100

12. VISUAL PERCEPTION PRINCIPLES Visual perception principles can be classified into three broad categories: Gestalt principles Depth principles Perceptual constancies

13. Gestalt Principles Gestalt = “organised whole” Gestalt principles refer to the ways in which we organise the features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form. 4 types of gestalt principles Figure-ground organisation Closure Similarity proximity

14. The eye differentiates an object from its surrounding area. Figure-Ground A form, silhouette, or shape is naturally perceived as figure (object), while the surrounding area is perceived as ground (background). Balancing figure and ground can make the perceived image more clear.

15. What is the ‘figure’? What is the ‘ground’ Complete your own definition of figure-ground

16. Closure Occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed. It is the tendency to ‘close’ or ignore the gaps in stimuli, and perceive it as complete

17. We see three black circles covered by a white triangle, even through it could just as easily be three incomplete circles joined together. What do you see? Our minds react to patterns that are familiar, even though we often receive incomplete information Write a definition for closure

18. Similarity The principle of similarity states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together. It is the tendency to perceive that stimuli or parts of a stimuli that have similar features as one part of a whole

19. We group together the similar objects (dark blue circles) to perceive a number five What do you see? Write a definition for similarity

20. Proximity occurs when elements are placed close together. They tend to be perceived as a group. Proximity The nine squares above are placed without proximity. They are perceived as separate shapes. When the squares are given close proximity, unity occurs. While they continue to be separate shapes, they are now perceived as one group.

21. How do you see these grouped? Because of proximity, we see two groups, each containing two lines of circles, rather than four separate lines of circles. Write a definition for proximity

22. MINI TEST What are these pictures examples of?

23. Similarity

24. Figure-ground

25. Proximity

26. Closure

27. Complete