1. Lecture 6: beam optics in Linacs
LINAC overview
Acceleration
Focussing
Compression
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

2. LINAC overview
A LINAC is an accelerator consisting of several subsystems
Gun (particle source)
Accelerating section (and RF sources)
Magnetic system (focussing and steering)
Diagnostics – Vacuum – etc
Depending on the application a LINAC might have
bunch compression system (radiation sources, FELs, colliders)
beam delivery systems (medical linacs, colliders)
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3. A 100 MeV LINAC (at Diamond Light Source)
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4. Acceleration
Acceleration is achieved with RF cavities, using e.m. modes with the electric field pointing in the longitudinal direction (direction of motion of the charged particle)
The RF electric field can be provided by travelling wave structure or standing wave structure Ez z c Ez z c
Travelling wave: the bunch sees a constant electric field
Ez=E0 cos()
Standing wave: the bunch sees a varying electric field
Ez=E0 cos(t+)sin(kz)
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5. Travelling wave and standing wave structures
The wave velocity and the particle velocity have to be equal hence we need a disk loaded structure to slow down the phase velocity of the electric field
To achieve synchronism vp< c
Slow down wave using irises.
In a standing wave structure the electromagnetic field is the sum of two travelling wave structure running in opposite directions.
Only the forward travelling wave takes part in the acceleration process
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6. Beam dynamics during acceleration (I)
Consider a particle moving in the electric field of a travelling wave
with a phase velocity
The equations used to describe the motion in the longitudinal plane are
Define the synchronous particle as
For the generic particle, using as coordinates the deviation from the energy and time from the synchronous particle, we have
and changing variable to
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7. Beam dynamics during acceleration (II)
We get the system of equations
These describe the usual RF bucket in the longitudinal phase space (, W)
We assumed here that the acceleration is adiabatic i.e. ds/ds  0. If this in not true, numerical integration shows that the RF bucket gets distorted into a “golf club”
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8. RF technology
Usual operating frequencies for RF cavities for Linear accelerators are
Warm cavities gradient repetition rate
S-band (3GHz) MV/m Hz
C-band (5-6 GHz) MV/m <100 Hz
X-band (12 GHz) 100 MV/m <100 Hz
Superconducting cavities
L band (1.3 GHz) < 35 MV/m up to CW
The main RF parameters associated to the RF cavity, such as shunt impedance quality factor will be discussed in the Lecture 10 on RF.
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9. Particle sources and Gun
Electrons
Thermionic gun
Photocathode guns
Protons and H-
plasma discharge
Penning ion sources
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10. BaO/CeO-impregnated tungsten disc is heated and electrons are emitted
Thermionic gun (I)
Electrons are generated by thermionic emission from the cathode and accelerated across a high voltage gap to the anode. A grid between anode and cathode can be pulsed to generate a train of pulses suitable for RF acceleration
cathode assembly
BaO/CeO-impregnated tungsten disc is heated and electrons are emitted
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11. Thermionic gun (II)
Electrons are generated by thermionic emission tend to repel therefore an advance e.m. design is envisaged to control the beam dynamics and reduce the emittance of the beam.
This requires solving Laplace equation for the potential of the e.m. field in the given geometry
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12. One and half cell RF photocathode gun
Photocathode guns (I)
Electrons are generated with a laser field by photoelectric effect
High voltage at the cathode is delivered by the RF structure
50-60 MV/m in L-band
MV/m in S-band
Higher gradients are useful to accelerate the particle fast and reduce the effect of space charge
(scales as 1/E2)
Electron pulses can be made short (as the laser pulse - few ps)
One and half cell RF photocathode gun
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13. Photocathode guns BNL /SLAC/UCLA RF gun
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14. Photocathode guns Photoemission with a pulsed laser
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15. Photocathode guns .. and RF acceleration
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16. Photocathode guns .. and RF acceleration
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17. Photocathode guns .. and RF acceleration
The emittance and the energy spread are determined by the laser parameters and the properties of the cathode material.
The emittance can be tens of times better than in a thermionic guns (< 1 m)
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18. Photocathode guns
RF signal distribution for an RF photocathode gun (5-cells )
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19. Focussing system in long LINACs
In a long linac we need a magnetic channel to keep the beam focussed in the transverse dimension.
This can be accomplished with a FODO lattice
e.g.
SCSS Japan
or with a doublet structure
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20. A doublet channel
In a FODO channel the RF cavities are placed in the drift sections.
To create longer straight section a double (or triplet) channel is envisaged.
A doublet channel is a series of pairs of quadrupoles F and D with long drift sections between the pairs. the RF cavities are placed in the drift sections
short drift d
long drift 2L
We can compute in the usual way the phase advance and the optics function for the basic cell, assuming it is repeated periodically
and putting
The focussing effect of the cavity is usually added in refined calculations
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21. Beam dynamics issues: wakefields
The interaction of the charged beam with the RF cavity and the vacuum chamber in general generate e.m. fields which act back on the bunch itself
In the RF cavity these fields can build up resonantly and disrupt the bunch itself in the so called single beam break up or multi bunch break up t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
More on lecture 8 on instabilities
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

22. Bunch Compression (I)
In many applications the length of the bunch generated even by a photo-injector (few ps) is too long. Tens of fs might be required.
The bunch length needs to be shortened. This is usually achieved with a magnetic compression system.
A beam transport line made of four equal dipole with opposite polarity is used to compress the bunch. In this chicane the time of flight (or path length) is different for different energies
blue = low energy
red = high energy
The time of flight of the high
energy particle is smaller
(v  c ...but it travel less !)
This effect can be used to compress the bunch length
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

23. Bunch compression (II)
To exploit the dependence of the time of flight (or path length) for different energies we need to introduce an energy-time correlation in the bunch.
This is done using the electric field of an RF cavity with as suitable timing
tail
head
An energy chirp is required for the compression to work
The high energy particle at the tail travels less and catches up the synchronous particle. The net result is a the compression of the bunch
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24. Bunch compression (III)
Bunch compression can be computed analytically. Inside the RF cavity the energy changes with the position z0 as
In the linear approximation in (z, )
In the chicane the coordinate changes as
In the linear approximation
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

25. Bunch compression (IV)
The full transformation is, as usual, the composition of the matrices of each, element and reads
For a given value of R65 (energy chirp induced), the best compression that can be achieved is
C is the compression factor. It can be a large number!
Since the transformation is symplectic (i.e. area preserving  Liouville theorem) the longitudinal emittance is conserved
The minimum reachable bunch length is limited to the product of the energy spread times R56
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

26. Longitudinal phase space of a disrupted beam
Bunch compression (V)
Further limitations to the achievable compression comes from the high current effect that we have neglected in the linear approximations.
These are longitudinal space charge, wakefields and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) – more on lecture 7
When taken into account, these effects can produce serious degradation of the beam qualities, e.g in simulations
Longitudinal phase space of a disrupted beam
over compressed
under compressed
10 e- bunches with different compression C superimposed
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

27. Linear Colliders
Linear accelerators are at the heart of the next generation of linear colliders
ILC (International Linear Collider)
L-band SC cavities
30 MV/m
500 GeV (36 km overall length)
CLIC (Compact Linear Collider)
X-band NC cavities
100 MV/m
3 TeV (48 km overall length)
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

28. Fourth generation light sources
Linear accelerators are at the heart of the next generation of synchrotron radiation sources, e.g. the UK New Light Source project was based on
High brightness electron gun operating (initially) at 1 kHz
2.25 GeV SC CW linac L- band
experimental stations
IR/THzundulators
photoinjector
diagnostics
laser heater
accelerating modules
spreader
BC1
BC3
collimation
BC2
FELs
to feed 3 FELS covering the photon energy range 50 eV – 1 keV
R. Bartolini, John Adams Institute, 3 May 2013

29. Bibliography M. Conte, W.W. MacKay,
The physics of particle accelerators, World Scientific (1991)
P. Lapostolle
Theorie des Accelerateurs Lineaires, CERN 87-10, (1987)
J. Le Duff
Dynamics and Acceleration in linear structures, CERN 85-19, (1985)
T.P. Wangler
RF Linear Accelerators, Wiley, (2008)
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30. Syllabus and slides
Lecture 1: Overview and history of Particle accelerators (EW)
Lecture 2: Beam optics I (transverse) (EW)
Lecture 3: Beam optics II (longitudinal) (EW)
Lecture 4: Liouville's theorem and Emittance (RB)
Lecture 5: Beam Optics and Imperfections (RB)
Lecture 6: Beam Optics in linac (Compression) (RB)
Lecture 7: Synchrotron radiation (RB)
Lecture 8: Beam instabilities (RB)
Lecture 9: Space charge (RB)
Lecture 10: RF (ET)
Lecture 11: Beam diagnostics (ET)
Lecture 12: Accelerator Applications (Particle Physics) (ET)
Visit of Diamond Light Source/ ISIS / (some hospital if possible)
The slides of the lectures are available at
Dr. Riccardo Bartolini (DWB room 622) 30