1. 1 TOTEM Physics Scenarios at the LHC; Elastic Scattering, Total Cross section, Diffraction, and beyond... Risto Orava Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Helsinki LOW X MEETING SINAIA, ROMANIA June 29 - July 2 - 2005

2. 2 TOTEM Experiment CMS Experimental Area (IP5) Leading Protons measured at +147m & +220m from the CMS Leading Protons measured at -220m & -147m from the CMS (Also CMS is here...) Leading protons are detected at  147m &  220m from the IP. CMS coverage is extended by Totem T1 and T2 spectrometers. Additional forward calorimetry & veto counters are under planning. CMS is TOTEMized...

3. 3 0-12-10-8-6-4-2+2+4+6+8+10+12  p T (GeV) 0.1 1 10 100 1000CMS ATLAS ALICE LHCb Base Line LHC Experiments: p T -  coverage Exp B (T) p T  (GeV) ALICE0.2-0.50.1-0.25 ATLAS 2.0 0.5 CMS 4.0 0.75 LHCb 4Tm 0.1 The base line LHC experiments will cover the central rapidity region - TOTEM  CMS will complement the coverage in the forward region. T1 T2 RP LHC TOTEMized microstation veto p T max ~  s exp(-  )

4. 4 ATLAS & CMS: Energy flow in |  |  5 Minimum bias event structure need to sort out the pile-up events at L › 10 33 present MC models differ by large factors ALICE: Charged multiplicities in -5    3 Zero Degree Calorimetry (neutral & charged) TOTEM: Charged multiplicities: 3    7 Leading particle measurement: Totem sees ~ all diffractively scattered protons TOTEM/CMS inelastic coverage is unique: Holes only at  ~ 5 & 7-9 (could be covered with  s & veto counters) Base Line LHC Experiments

5. 5 Diffractive scattering is a unique laboratory of confinement & QCD: A hard scale + hadrons which remain intact in the scattering process. Soft diffractive scattering: -large b Hard diffractive scattering - small b Valence quarks in a bag with r  0.1fm Baryonic charge distribution- r  0.5fm Rapidity gap survival & ”underlying” event structures are intimately connected with a geometrical view of the scattering - eikonal approach! Longitudinal view - Lorentz contracted – not to scale!  p p lnM X 2 jet Elasticsoft SDE hard SDE hard CD Totem sees SDE M X  20 GeV lns rapidity Cross sections are large. 10mb?25mb?1mb? Hard processes: Jet momenta correlated with the initial parton momenta. Soft processes: Coherent interactions -impact parameter picture. + Transversal view ‘wee’ parton cloud - grows logarithmically b b soft CD

6. 6 The new result (using 173.5  4.1 GeV/CDF): Central preferred value of the Standard Model Higgs boson mass is: 94 GeV, with 68% uncertainties of +54 and -35 GeV. 95% C.L is < 208 GeV Thanks to Martin Grunewald A Light Higgs Boson as a Benchmark: Recent Tevatron Top-mass measurement reinforces the motivation.

7. 7 Central Diffraction produces two leading protons, two rapidity gaps and a central hadronic system. In the exclusive process, the background is suppressed and the central system has selected quantum numbers. J PC = 0 ++ (2 ++, 4 ++,...) Gap Jet+Jet      min  max Survival of the rapidity gaps? 1 see: DKMOR EPJC25(2002)391 Measure the parity P = (-1) J : d  /d   1 + cos2  Mass resolution  S/B-ratio M X 2  1  2 s

8. 8 With the leading protons and additional forward coverage a new physics realm opens up at the LHC: Hard diffraction with multi- rapidity gap events (see: Hera, Tevatron, RHIC...)  Problems intimately related to confinement. –Gluon density at small x Bj (10 -6 – 10 -7 ) – “hot spots” of glue in vacuum? –Gap survival dynamics, proton parton configurations (pp  3jets+p) – underlying event structures –Diffractive structure: Production of jets, W, J/ , b, t, hard photons, –Parton saturation, BFKL dynamics, proton structure, multi-parton scattering –Studies with pure gluon jets: gg/qq…  LHC as a gluon factory! (see: KMR EPJC19(2001)477) Signals of new physics based on forward protons + rapidity gaps  Threshold scan for J PC = 0 ++ states in: pp  p+X+p – Spin-parity of X ! (LHC as the pre -e + e - linear collider in the  -mode.) Extend ‘standard’ physics reach of the CMS experiment into the forward region:  Full Monty! Measure the Luminosity with the precision of  L/L  5 % (KMRO EPJC19(2001)313) Elastic scattering,  tot and soft diffraction – surely... But also:

9. 9 As a Gluon Factory LHC could deliver... High purity (q/g ~ 1/3000) gluon jets with E T > 50 GeV ; gg-events as “Pomeron-Pomeron” luminosity monitor Possible new resonant states in a background free environment (bb, W + W - &  +  - decays); (see: KMR EPJC23(2002)311) Higgs glueballs quarkonia 0 ++ (  b ) gluinoballs invisible decay modes of Higgs (and SUSY)!? CP-odd Higgs Squark & gluino thresholds are well separated practically background free signature: multi-jets & E T model independence (missing mass!) [expect O(10) events for gluino/squark masses of 250 GeV] an interesting scenario: gluino as the LSP with mass window 25-35 GeV(S.Raby) Events with isolated high mass  pairs Moreover: Mini-Black Holes, Extra Dimensions – The Brane World !!!... (see: Albrow and Rostovtsev) -

10. 10 longer Q 2 extrapolation smaller x J. Stirling Low-x Physics at the LHC Resolving Confinement of quarks & gluons? The forward detectors at the LHC will facilitate studies of collisions between transversally extended slices of QCD vacua – with quantum fluctuations?

11. 11 Probing Very Small-x Gluons Instrument region with tracking, calorimetry (em+had), muons, jets, photons... In SD: If a pair of high E T jets are produced, then: If the interacting partons have fractional momenta  of P, then  =x Bj / , then (if all hadrons i in the event are measured): Consider a high momentum proton: Measure gluon distribution G(x,Q 2 ) at fixed Q 2 and small x with x››Q  probe gluons with the transverse size = |  b|~1/Q and longitudinal size = |  z|~1/px.  gluon saturation, colour-glass condensates, colour-dipoles,....

12. 12 LHC: due to the high energy can reach small values of Bjorken-x If rapidities above 5 and masses below 10 GeV can be covered  x down to 10 -6 ÷ 10 -7 Possible with T2 in TOTEM (calorimeter, tracker): 5 <  < 6.7 Proton structure at low-x: Parton saturation effects? Saturation or growing proton?

13. 13 Puzzles in High Energy Cosmic Rays Interpreting cosmic ray data depends on hadronic simulation programs. Forward region in poorly known. Models differ by factor 2 or more. Need forward particle/energy measurements e.g. dE/d  … Cosmic ray showers: Dynamics of the high energy particle spectrum is crucial PYTHIA – PHOJET – ExHuME...??

14. 14 Chuck Dermer (BNL)

15. 15 The “Underlying Event” Problem in Hard Scattering Processes  Unavoidable background to be removed from the jets before comparing to NLO QCD predictions  LHC: most of collisions are “soft’’, outgoing particles roughly in the same direction as the initial protons.  Occasional “hard’’ interaction results in outgoing partons of large transverse momenta.  The “Underlying Event’’ is everything but the two outgoing Jets, including : initial/final gluon radiation beam-beam remnants secondary semi-hard interactions Min-Bias Min-Bias This is already of major importance at the Tevatron – how about the LHC??

16. 16 In addition: The signatures of New Physics have to be normalized  Measure the Luminosity Luminosity relates the number of events per second, dN/dt, and the cross section of process p,  p, as: A process with well known, calculable and large  p (monitoring!) with a well defined signature? Need complementarity. Measure simultaneously elastic (N el ) & inelastic rates (N inel ), extrapolate d  / dt  0, assume  - parameter to be known: (1+  2 ) (N el + N inel ) 2 16  dN el /dt| t=0 L = N inel = ?  Need a hermetic detector. dN el /dt  t=0 = ?  Minimal extrapolation to t  0: t min  0.01 Relative precision on the measurement of  H  BR for various channels, as function of m H, at  L dt = 300 fb –1. The dominant uncertainty is from Luminosity: 10% (open symbols), 5% (solid symbols). (ATL-TDR-15, May 1999) see: KMOR EPJ C23(2002)

17. 17 Signatures Proton (Roman Pots): elastic proton (  *=1540m: 5  10 -4  -t  1 GeV 2,  *=18m: 3  10 -1  -t  10 GeV 2 ) diffractive proton (  *=1540m: 90% of all diffractive protons:   10 -2 & -t  10 -3 GeV 2 ) hard diffractive proton (  * = 0.5m: excellent coverage in  -t space) Rapidity Gap (T1 & T2, Castor & ZDC): rapidity gaps (up to L~ 10 33 cm -2 s -1 : 3  |  |  7, +veto counters?) Very Fwd Objects (T1 & T2, Castor & ZDC): Jets (up to L~ 10 33 cm -2 s -1 : 3  |  |  7, +veto counters?) , e,  (fwd em calorimetry & muons: 3  |  |  7) tracks (vx constraints & pattern recognition: 3  |  |  7) particle ID? Correlation with CMS Signatures (central jets, b-tags,...)

18. 18 Correlation with the CMS Signatures e, , , , and b-jets: tracking: |  | < 2.5 calorimetry with fine granularity: |  | < 2.5 muon: |  | < 2.5 Jets, E T miss calorimetry extension: |  | < 5 High p T Objects Higgs, SUSY,... Precision physics (cross sections...) energy scale: e &  0.1%, jets 1% absolute luminosity vs. parton-parton luminosity via ”well known” processes such as W/Z production?

19. 19 Configuration of the Experiment b-jet CMS - Leading protons on both sides down to   1 ‰ - Rapidity gaps on both sides – forward activity – for |  | > 5 - Central activity in CMS - Aim at measuring the: Roman Pot Station at 147 / 220m Aim at detecting colour singlet exchange processes with the leading protons scattered at small angles with respect to the beam. Roman Pot Station at 147/220m CASTOR T1 T2 CASTOR

20. 20 Leading Protons Extended Coverage of Inelastic Activity CMS To Reach the Forward Physics Goals Need:

21. 21 Leading Protons – Transfer Functions To be detected, the leading protons have to deviate sufficiently from the nominal LHC beams  special LHC optics & detector locations for elastically scattered protons. - the initial transverse position and scattering angle at the IP -the effective length,  x,y (s) = value of the  -function along the beam line,  * =  x (s=0) =  y (s=0) at the IP. - betatron phase advance - dispersion - magnification The proton trajectory, in the plane transverse with respect to the beam, at position s along the beam line, is given as:

22. 22 Leading Protons - Measurement RP1 RP2 RP3 220 m 180 m 147 m IP5CMS Interaction Point TAS Beam Absorber for secondaries between the IP and Q1 Qi Quadrupole Magnets TASA Beam Absorber for secondaries between Q1 and Q2 TASB Beam Absorber for secondaries between Q2 and Q3 DFBxCryogenic Electrical Feed-Boxfor Arc Di Dipole Magnet i TAN Beam Absorber for neutral secondaries before Q1-Q3 BSRSynchrotron Radiation Observation System TCL Long Collimator for protecting Quadrupole Magnets The small-angle protons are detected within the LHC beam pipe at large distances from the IP. To facilitate detection of elastically and diffractively scattered protons, special machine optics are needed   * = 1540m (-t down to  10 -3 GeV 2 ), 18m (-t up to  10 GeV 2 ) For hard diffraction and low-x physics, nominal – high luminosity – conditions are required   * = 0.5m RPi: Special insertion devices needed for placing the proton detectors within the beam pipe  Roman Pots CMS

23. 23 Leading Proton Detection-An Example 147m180m220m0m308m338m420 430m        IP Q1-3 D1 D2Q4Q5Q6Q7B8Q8B9Q9B10B11Q10     Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa & RO  = 0.02 Note the magnification x vs. z!

24. 24 Elastic Protons Reduce number of bunches (43 and 156) to avoid parasitic interactions downstream. L TOTEM = 1.6 x 10 28 cm -2 s -1 and 2.4 x 10 29 cm -2 s -1 For detecting the low –t elastic protons down to –t  10 -3 GeV 2 (scattering angles of a few mrad) need to maximise L x (s=s RPi ), L y (s=s RPi ) at each RPi, and, simultaneously, to minimise v x (s=s RPi ), v y (s=s RPi ) at each RPi.  low angular spread at IP:  large beam size at IP: (if  N = 1  m rad)  High-  * optics:  * = 1540 m y*y* IP L eff Aim at parallel-to-point focussing condition: v x,y = 0 in both x- and y-directions at s=220m  independence of the initial transverse position of the IP.

25. 25 Pomeron exchange ~ e –B|t| diffractive structure Photon - Pomeron interference   L dt = 10 33 and 10 37 cm -2 pQCD ~ |t| –8 Elastic Scattering: d  /dt d  /dt (mb/GeV 2 ) -t (GeV 2 )

26. 26 Coulomb region  5  10 -4 [lower s, RP closer to beam] Interference,  meas. 5  10 -4  5  10 -3 [as above], standard  * = 1540 m Pomeron exchange 5  10 -3  0.1  * = 1540 m Diffractive structure 0.1  1  * = 1540 m, 18 m Large |t| – perturb. QCD 1  10  * = 18 m Region |t| [GeV] 2 Running Scenario Elastic Scattering: Acceptance in -t

27. 27 Elastic Scattering: Resolution t-resolution (2-arm measurement)  - resolution (1-arm measurement) Test collinearity of particles in the 2 arms  Background reduction.

28. 28 Extrapolation of Elastic Cross-Section to t = 0 EffectExtrapolation uncertainty Statistics (10h @ 10 28 ):10 7 events 0.07 % Uncertain functional form of d  /dt 0.5 % Beam energy uncertainty0.05 %0.1 % Beam / detector offset20  m0.08 % Crossing angle0.2  rad0.1 % Total0.53 % Non-exponential d  /dt fitted to Slope parameter according to BSW Model see: KMRO EPJ(2001)313

29. 29 ~ 90 % of all diffractive protons are seen in the Roman Pots -assuming  =  p/p can be measured with a resolution of ~ 5 x 10 -3. Soft Diffraction (high  *): Acceptance A < 5 % A > 95 % 85 - 95 %  * = 1540 m

30. 30 Hard Diffraction (high  *): Acceptance

31. 31 T1: 3.1 <  < 4.7 T2: 5.3 <  < 6.5 T1 T2 10.5 m ~14 m CASTOR Extension to Inelastic Coverage To measure the colour singlet exchange, need to extend central detector coverage in the forward direction:  > 5.

32. 32 Vertex resolution R z

33. 33 Current models predictions: 100-130mb Aim of TOTEM: ~1% accuracy Total pp Cross-Section LHC: TEVATRON ISR UA4 UA5 LHC Cosmic Rays COMPETE Collaboration fits: [PRL 89 201801 (2002)]

34. 34 Measurement of  tot -Luminosity-independent measurement of the total cross-section by using the Optical Theorem: Measure the elastic and inelastic rate with a precision better than 1%. Extrapolate the elastic cross-section to t = 0. Or conversely: Extract luminosity:

35. 35 Measurement of the Total Rate N el + N inel  [mb] T1/T2 double arm trigger loss [mb] T1/T2 single arm trigger loss [mb] Uncertainty after extrapolation [mb] Minimum bias580.30.06 Single diffractive14-2.50.6 Double diffractive72.80.30.1 Double Pomeron1~ 0.2 (using leading p and CMS) 0.02 Elastic Scattering30--0.15 Acceptance single diffraction simulated extrapolated detected Loss at low masses Extrapolation of diffractive cross-section to large 1/M 2 using d  /dM 2 ~ 1/M 2. Total: 0.8 %

36. 36 Accuracy of  tot Extrapolation to t = 0 Total rate N el + N inel  = 0.12 ± 0.02

37. 37 Total Cross Section - TOTEM TOTEM

38. 38 Elastic Scattering- TOTEM TOTEM

39. 39 Running Scenarios Scenario (goal) 1 low |t| elastic,  tot, min. bias 2 diffractive physics, large p T phenomena 3 intermediate |t|, hard diffraction 4 large |t| elastic  * [m]1540 200 - 40018 N of bunches431569362808 Half crossing angle [  rad] 00100 - 200160 Transv. norm. emitt. [  m rad] 113.75 N of part. per bunch 0.3 x 10 11 0.6 x 10 11 1.15 x 10 11 RMS beam size at IP [  m] 454 880317 - 44895 RMS beam diverg. [  rad] 0.29 0.571.6 - 1.15.28 Peak luminosity [cm -2 s -1 ] 1.6 x 10 28 2.4 x 10 29 (1 - 0.5) x 10 31 3.6 x 10 32 + Runs at  * = 0.5 m, L = (10 33  10 34 ) cm -2 s -1 foreseen as an extension to the TOTEM program.

40. 40 Exclusive Production by DPE: Examples Advantage: Selection rules: J P = 0 +, 2 +, 4 + ; C = +1  reduced background, determination of quantum numbers. Good  resolution in TOTEM: determine parity: P = (-1) J+1  d  /d  ~ 1  cos 2  Particle  excl Decay channelBR Rate at 2x10 29 cm -2 s -1 Rate at 10 31 cm -2 s -1 (no acceptance / analysis cuts)  c0 (3.4 GeV) 3  b [KMRS]  J/     +  –  +  – K + K – 6 x 10 -4 0.018 1.5 / h 46 / h 62 / h 1900 / h  b0 (9.9 GeV) 4 nb [KMRS]    +  – 10 -3 0.07 / d3 / d H (120 GeV) 3 fb (  2.5fb) bb0.680.02 / y1 / y Need L ~ 10 33 cm -2 s -1 for Higgs, i.e. a running scenario for  * = 0.5 m: try to modify optics for enhanced dispersion, try to move detectors closer to the beam, install additional Roman Pots in cold LHC region at a later stage.

41. 41 Hard Diffraction: Leading Protons at Low  * CMS Dispersion in horizontal plane (m) xx Optical function  in x and y (m) For a 2.5 mm offset of a   0.5 % proton, need dispersion  0.5 m.  Proton taggers to be located at > 250 m from the IP (i.e. in a ”cryogenic section” of the LHC). yy DxDx horizontal offset =  D x (  = momentum loss)

42. 42 Dispersion suppressorMatching section Separation dipolesFinal focus Potential locations for measuring the leading protons in pp  p  X  p with M X ~ O(100 GeV). 420 m220 mCMS(308/338m) Cryogenic (”cold”) region (with main dipole magnets) locations of currently planned TOTEM pots!!

43. 43 The TOTEM Detector Layout y(mm) x(mm) Leading diffractive protons seen at different detector locations (  * = 0.5m) 220m~300m 420m ~2-12mm ~1,5-20mm ~3,5-17mm

44. 44 Exciting new physics potential in the process: pp  p  (J PC =0 ++ )  p p p b-jet   p p p p b b 0 5 -5 10 -10 - - P P -Colour singlet exchange process with exclusive priviledges - J PC selection rule  e + e - ILC type threshold scan for new physics! see: KMR EPJ(2002) - Need to solve the L1 trigger issue at high luminosity (pile-up) conditions.

45. 45 CD ExHuME (M H = 120 GeV)  Higgs dN/d  Higgs

46. 46 Event Characteristics: d  /dt &  min dN/dt  N/dt dN/d  min  N/d  min -t (GeV 2 )  min CD PHOJET (M H = 120 GeV)  dN/dt  exp(-10t)  should detect p’s down to   10 -3 -t < 1 GeV 2  acceptance?

47. 47  min dN/d  min  dN/d  min  min CD ExHuME (M H = 120 GeV) 0.0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010

48. 48 Where do the b-jets go?  b max dN/d  b max  p min  0.002  The b-jets are confined within  4.  ExHuME generates more symmetric jet pairs.  p max  0.02 PHOJET ExHuME

49. 49 Leading protons: Hard CentralDiffraction Uncertainties included in the study: Initial conditions at the interaction point Conditions at detector location Position resolution of detector (  x,y = 10  m) Resolution of beam position determination (  x,y = 5  m) Off-sets at detector locations pp  p + X + p simulated using PHOJET1.12& ExHuME Protons tracked through LHC6.2& 6.5 optics using MAD Transverse vertex position (  x,y = 11  m) Beam energy spread (  E = 10 -4 ) Beam divergence (   = 30  rad) J.Lamsa, T. Maki, R.Orava, K.Osterberg...

50. 50 "420+220" calculation: either both protons are detected at 420m, or both protons are detected at 220m, or one proton is detected at 420 [220]m with the other one detected at 220 [420]m. ExHuME 420+220m PHOJET 420+215m ExHuME 420m PHOJET 420m Acceptance: ExHuME vs. PHOJET 60% 22% 38% 12% 420m+220m ExHuME 420m ExHuME 420m+220m PHOJET 420m PHOJET Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa et. al.

51. 51 Resolution: ExHuME vs. PHOJET ExHuME 420+220m ExHuME 420m PHOJET 420m PHOJET 420+220m 2.8% 0.9% 3.7% Helsinki group: J.Lamsa (parametrisations of the MAD simulation results of T. Mäki by RO) 420m+220m ExHuME 420m ExHuME 420m+220m PHOJET 420m PHOJET Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa et. al.

52. 52 veto counters 60m~ 140m Q1Q2Q3 D1 IP Rapidity Gap Veto – Detector Lay-Out magnification x vs. y: 70 80cm

53. 53 Rapidity Gap Veto – Acceptance Summary TOTEM – in combination with CMS – represents an experiment with a unique coverage in rapidity  collisions of extended sheets of QCD vacuum – branes in collision?? Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa & RO Veto Acceptances  Acceptance microstations at 19m? Veto RP’s T2T1

54. 54 TOTEM Physics Scenarios Proton  * (m) rapidity gap L(cm -2 s -1 ) jetinelastic activity ,e, ,  ,  ++,... elastic scattering total cross section soft diffraction hard diffraction ’1540’ ’18’  ’1540’ ’1540’ ’170’ ’ 0.5’ low-x physics exotics (DCC,...) DPE Higgs, SUSY,... central pair central & fwd inelastic acceptance gap survival jet acceptance di-jet backgr b-tag, , J/ ,... 10 28 -10 32 10 29 -10 31 10 28 -10 33 10 31 -10 33 TOTEM & CMS TOTEM & CMS TOTEM & CMS central & fwd jets di-leptons jet-  mini-jets resolved?  ± vs.  o multiplicity leptons  ’ s  jet anomalies? W, Z, J/ ,... , K ±,,... ’0.5’ 10 31 -10 33 ’170’ ’0.5’ ’170’ ’0.5’ mini-jets? beam halo? trigger