1. The Case of Lynda Mann The first crime to be solved using DNA profiling

2. The crime Initial enquires failed to yield suspects but the police were convinced the killer was a local man and extended their search to all local villages, including Enderby, but with little success. At 7.20am on November the 22, a hospital porter took his usual short cut to work along a lonely footpath. Sprawled on some grass and white with frost was the body of Lynda Mann. She had been strangled and raped the previous evening.

3. Dawn Ashworth was also fifteen and a school girl from Enderby who was found less than a mile from where Lynda died. Semen DNA profiles confirmed that the killer was the same man. The investigation ground to a halt.On the first anniversary of Lynda’s death, someone left a cross on the spot where her body was found, and again on the second anniversary. Before it could happen a third time the killer struck again.

4. The decision was made to DNA profile all men living in the area to try to find the killer but no match was found. You are a DNA specialist in the Forensic Laboratory. You are asked to test the DNA of 4 suspects who have since come to the attention of the police. Which, if any, have DNA which matches that of the killer?

5. DNA PROFILING : STAGES INVOLVED 1. Cells broken down to release DNA 2. DNA strands cut into fragments 3. Fragments separated 4. Pattern of fragments analysed

6. Stages of DNA profiling 1. DNA extraction Cells treated with chemicals and enzymes to extract the DNA If amounts are small they can be multiplied by a process called PCR

7. 2. DNA cutting using restriction enzymes DNA is cut into fragments of different lengths by restriction enzymes Different restriction enzymes cut the molecule at different base sequences.

8. 3. Fragment separation by gel electrophoresis Mixture of DNA fragments is placed on the gel The fragments have a negative charge and are attracted to the + terminal The shorter fragments move faster The samples containing the fragments are pipetted into individual wells in a gel

9. ELECTROPHORESIS Fragments separated by length DNA (negatively charged) Moves towards +ve terminal Shorter fragments move faster

10. 4. Analysis of fragments Radioactive probe in solution binds to DNA Revealing a pattern of bands X-ray film

11. The profiles can then be compared

12. Stage in DNA profilingWhat to do 1. Extraction The DNA is extracted from the cells using chemicals and enzymes. In a blood sample this will be from the white blood cells as the red blood cells do not have nuclei and so will not contain DNA Cut the DNA section for a suspect carefully from the page 2. Cutting with restriction enzymes DNA is treated with restriction enzymes. Each enzyme cuts the DNA at a particular base sequence. Use your scissors as the restriction enzyme and cut the DNA between the C and G every time you find a CCGG sequence. 3. Fragment separation by gel electrophoresis Mixture of DNA fragments is placed on the gel The fragments have a negative charge and are attracted to the + terminal The shorter fragments move faster Count the number of base pairs (bp) in each fragment and write the number neatly on the back of all the fragments. Stick each fragment onto the chart in the appropriate place- the shorter fragments are at the top because they travel fastest. 4. Analysis of fragment distribution The fragments of DNA are made visible and compared. Repeat this process for each suspect and compare the DNA profiles. What you need to do to solve the crime Work through each stage of DNA profiling with each sample- be careful to label them carefully and not to get them muddled up!

13. What have you found out? 1. Which suspect(s) if any are linked to the scene of the crime? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. How sure are you? What are the chances of 2 individuals having similar DNA profiles? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What would have been the effect of using a different restriction enzyme which cuts the DNA at the sequence CGAT? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. All the suspects lived in the villages originally covered by the police when they took DNA profiles from all men. Can you guess how the killer was missed? Can you suggest what steps the gardai now take to avoid this? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. What do you think should happen to the DNA profiles of the innocent suspects in this case? Given the cost involved should the profiles be discarded or added to a database? Defend your viewpoint. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. The solution: The DNA profiles