1. Answer in 15 minutes Write true or false (with correct)
1- Metazoa Included Parazoa and metazoa .
2- Metazoa the animals have unicellular body.
3- Eumetazoa have bilateral symmetry only .
4- Parazoa cellular organization .
5- Parazoa are not differentiated cells in layers.
6- Parazoa have true tissues .
7- As example of parazoa are clams .
8- Triploblastic have 2 layers .
9- Eumetazoa divided to triploblastica and uniblastica .
10- Diploblastica have ectoderm , endoderm & mesoderm tissues.
11- Diploblastic have three tissues .
12- Triploblastic is important for movement .
13- Body cavity lying between the body wall and the internal organs .
14- Body cavity may be rich of Mesenchyme cells .
15- Bilateral animals having distinct body cavity .
16- for example of pseudocoelomates Acanthochiton .
17- Mesenchyme cells are occupying the space between the body wall and the anus of the animals .
18- The body cavity derived from the gut of the embryo .
19- This cavity is lined by mesodermal epithelium .

2. Answer in 15 minutes Write true or false (with correct)
20- Ceolom is Internal fluid-filled cavity .
21- Ceolomates have body cavity lined with mesoderm .
22- pseudocoelomates have body cavity partially lined with mesoderm .
23- Schizocoelous are liquid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelomic cavities As the archenteron .
24- Enterocoelous are not mesoderm buds off from the wall of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities .

3. Coelomic InvertebratesBy
Dr. Ola Abu Samak

4. Lecture 2

5. Syllabus Phylum: Mollusca (General characters)
Introduction
Phylum: Annelida (General charactes)
Nereis
Allolobophra caliginosa
Hirudo medicinalis
Phylum: Arthropoda (General charactes)
Astacus fluviatulis & Neptunus pelagious
Daphnia, Cyclops, Balanus
Scolopendra morsitans, Lycosa ferox
Phylum: Mollusca (General characters)
Acanthochiton spinigira, Helix pomatia
Loligo peadlii, Anodonta sp.
Phylum: Echinodermata (General characters)
Astropecten sp.

6. Annelids

7. Aim What do know about Segmented worms ?
What do know about Segmentation ?
What do know about Symmetry ?
What do know about Organ Systems ?
What do know about Mechanism/Mode of Locomotion ?
What do know about Typhlosole ?
What do know about Polychaeta ?
What do know about Body wall in Polychaeta ?
What do know about habitat in Polychaeta ?
What do know about Organ Systems in Polychaeta ?

8. Remember

9. Phylum Annelida General characters

10. Phylum Annelida General characters
Segmented worms
15,000 species
Triploblastic
Protostome
Bilateral symmetry with cephalisation obscured in some species
Internal body space is partitioned ( فصل بحاجز‏ - قسم‏ by septae
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial (in moist soil/humus) species
Cutaneous respiration
Skin is highly vascularised and must stay moist

11. Phylum Annelida General characters Segmentation
is the subdivision of the body into segments
Two advantages result from embryonic segmentation
1- Each segment may develop a more or less complete set of adult organ systems .
2-Locomotion is far more effective because of increased flexibility of movement .

12. Phylum Annelida General characters
Segmentation

13. Phylum Annelida General characters body space is partitioned by septae
Segmentation
body space is partitioned by septae

14. Phylum Annelida General characters
Symmetry

15. Phylum Annelida General characters
Symmetry
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
the parts of the body are arranged around a central axis
the body has a right and left half that are mirror images of each other
1-Allows different organs to be located in different parts of the body.
2-Ultimately led to cephalization.
3-Evolution of a definite head and brain area.

16. Phylum Annelida General characters
systems
1- Muscular System
2- Integumentary System
3- Nervous System and Sensory organs
4- Circulatory System
5- Respiratory System (gas exchange)
6- Digestive System (food/water supply)
7- Immune System
8- Excretory System
9- Reproductive System

17. Phylum Annelida General characters 1- Muscular System
1-Both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers Allows for coordination of propulsive muscular waves in body wall; peristalsis (حركات تقلصية متتابعة فى قناة أو انبوب ( فى الجسم لدفع الغذاء أو الفضلات 2-Special muscles attached to setae to move setae 3- In polychaetes, oblique muscle groups run into the parapodia for movement
Mechanism/Mode of Locomotion
peristalsis involving the alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscle
* layers to change the shape of individual segments
* Burrowing and creeping using peristalsis and/or parapodia
Note

18. Phylum Annelida General characters Integumentary System (skin)
1- Cellular epidermis that secretes a mucus
2-Thickened, non-living transparent cuticle
3-Cilia present in many forms chitinous setae often present; setae absent in leeches; greater number of setae in
4-As compared to oligochaetes
Allows for coordination of propulsive muscular waves
Coelom is fluid-filled space

19. Phylum Annelida General characters Integumentary System (skin)

20. Phylum Annelida General characters
Not all organ systems are metameric (ينقسم إلى مفصصات أو أجزاء متماثلة متتابعة علىامتداد الجسم كجسم دودة الأرض)
For example: the digestive system extends the length of the organism and is differentiated along its length .
Note

21. Phylum Annelida General characters

22. Phylum Annelida General characters Nervous System
1- Consists of a brain .
2- cerebral ganglia with two fused ventral nerve cords .
3- various ganglia similar to arthropods .
(ganglion in each segment (metameric))
4- leeches have an anterior brain of six pairs of fused ganglia and a posterior brain of seven pairs of fused ganglia .

23. Phylum Annelida General characters Sensory Organs
sensory tentacles
Palps
Eyespots in polychaetes
(Especially on prostomium)

24. Phylum Annelida General characters Circulatory System
1- closed circulatory system that is segmentally arranged with aortic arches (“hearts”)
2- and ventral and dorsal blood vessels surrounding pharynx for circulating blood
3- blood contains respiratory pigments including hemoglobin
4- Blood with haemoglobin as O2-carrying molecule

25. Phylum Annelida General characters Respiratory System (gas exchange)
gas exchange by simple diffusion = cutaneous respiration and/or
Gills in some polychaetes and/or
parapodia in polychaetes act as gills = example of convergent evolution to appendages
and specialized gills seen in arthropods

26. Phylum Annelida General characters Digestive System (food/water supply)
Complete digestive system with mouth and anus, not segmentally arranged
well muscularized pharynx in oligochaetes
Crop for storage, Gizzard for grinding and Typhlosole with increase surface area for absorption in oligochaetes
In oligochaetes, ingested soil may contain high levels of calcium; calciferous glands along esophagus secrete calcium ions into gut to reduce calcium ion concentration and maintain acid-base balance in blood

27. Phylum Annelida General characters Digestive System (food/water supply)
In tube worm polychaetes, specialized feathery arms or radioles use ciliary هدبيaction
Mucous to trap food particles of a digestible size
leeches are parasitic, but also predaceous and scavenging تنظيفon fluids and tissues
terrestrial leeches feed on insect larvae, earthworms and slugs

28. Phylum Annelida General characters Digestive System (food/water supply) Typhlosole

29. Phylum Annelida General characters Immune System
Ameobocytes found in blood

30. Phylum Annelida General characters Excretory System
Well developed metanephridia in most segments that involves removal of wastes from the blood and the coelom .
Generally have metanephridia; some have protonephridia each metanephridium has a ciliated funnel or nephrostome that leads by a small ciliated tubule through the septum in to the segment behind to a nephric tubule that empties into a bladder and waste is excreted out a nephridiopore (opening) .
Aquatic annelids secrete ammonia .
Terrestrial oligochaetes secrete less toxic urea .
Osmoregulation occurs via the body surface and the nephridia .

31. Phylum Annelida General characters Reproductive System
-Monoecious in oligochaetes and leeches (Hirudinae) with internal fertilization and direct development (no larval stage = juvenile worms look like mini adults)
-Dioecious (ثنائي البيت اي ان اعضاء التذكير التناسلية في فرد واعضاء التأنيث التناسلية في فرد اخر) in polychaetes with external fertilization and formation of a trochophore larva .
-Asexual = most highly organized animals capable of complete regeneration.
- This ability varies considerably within the phylum.
- Evolutionarily, regenerative capability has been lost in many species.
-Both anterior (tail to head) and posterior (head to tail)
-Segment regeneration has been shown in some species.

32. Phylum Annelida General characters Reproductive System
Hermaphrodites - with cross fertilization
Clitellum is a special region at the anterior end of the worm that
1-secretes a mucus cocoon,
2-both during mating (to hold the worms together)
3-protective coat around eggs
Trochophore is typical larval stage

33. Phylum Annelida General characters Major Classes
Hirudinea
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta

34. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta
1- (pol'e-ke'ta) (Gr. polys, many, + chaiti?, long hair).
2- About 5300 species.
3- Segmented inside and out; parapodia used in locomotion with many large number of chitinous bristles setae
4- Distinct head with eyes
5- palps, and tentacles
6- No clitellum
7- Separate sexes
8- Trochophore larva usually present
9- Mostly marine.
10- Examples: Nereis

35. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta
Well - developed head .
*Prostomium is well equipped with sensory and feeding structures .
Jaws
Teeth
Postomial tentachels
Peristomial palps
Peristomial tentachels

36. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Body wall
It consists of an outer cuticle which is secreted by :
The cells of the hypodermis just beneath it .
several muscular layers under the hypodermis

37. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta
1- Bristle worms
2- Mostly marine
3- Most free-living (living in substrate or free-swimming), but some live in mucus-supported tubes that are surrounded by substrate
4-Many are active predators, while others are filter feeders

38. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Habitat
Many crawl on or burrow in the seafloor.
A few drift and swim in the plankton.
Polychaetes include carnivores, scavengers, and planktivores.
The brightly colored fanworms trap planktonon feathery tentacles.

39. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta systems
Nervous System
Digestive system
Circulatory System
Respiratory system
Excretory System
Reproduction

40. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Nervous System
1-dorsal brain
(brain is fund above the pharynx in the head whis is consists of a pair of supra pharynx geal ganglia.
- it is connected with a pair of sub pharyngeal ganglia by acircumpharyngeal commissure on either side which from aring around the pharynx) .
2- ventral, with a pair of ganglia
3-solid nerve cord, with ganglia in each segment.
4- Endocrine- hormones secreted by nervous system.
The brain gives off:-
A- An optic nerve to each eye
B- Palpal nerve to each palpus
C- Atentacular nerve to each group of tentacles.
5- Three pairs of nerves arise from each of ganglia of the ventral nerve chain
- One pair to 1- the parapodia
2- the anterior segment
3- the muscles of the segment

41. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Nervous System

42. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Digestive system
Mouth
Is located just below the prostomium, but in front of the modified segments - peristomium
Esophagus
Is surrounded by digestive glands
Pharynx
Is equipped with pincer-like jaws
Intestine
1-Straight
2-finally opens with anus in the anal segment

43. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Digestive system
1- The mouth opens into the pharynx which forms assort of proboscis .
(This is accomplished by protractor and retractor muscles ).
2- The pharynx leads into a slender esophagus which have digestive gland .
3 - Straight stomach following the esophagus it extending to the anus .

44. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Digestive system
Feeding:
Clamworms (Nereis) crawl about on marine surfaces hunting for food using well-developed sensory structures. Once located, prey are seized with chitinous jaws on a rapidly everted, muscular pharynx

45. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Digestive system
Includes a muscular pharynx that can be everted through the mouth
Note

46. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Circulatory System
Closed system
Use hemoglobin as oxygen carrier.

47. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Circulatory System
1- The blood is contained in contractile tube ( the blood vessels ).
2- There is a dorsal vessel , that lies between the two dorsal longitudinal muscles bands ( which carried blood anteriorly ).
3- A ventral vessel below the intestine which carries blood posteriorly.
4- In each segment , the longitudinal vessels are connected on either by right and left transverse vessels to form networks of capillaries in parapodia.

48. Quiz

49. Answer 16- Setae 1- Parapodium 11- Ventral blood vessel 2- Coelom
12- Circular muscle
3- Dorsal blood vessel
13- Cuticle
4- Intestine
14- Nephridium
5- Longitudinal muscle
15- Nephridiopore
6- Capillary ped in parapodium
16- Setae
7- Notopodium
8- Neuropodium
9- Transverse parapodial muscle
10-Venteral nerve cord

50. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Respiratory system
Although many of the smaller polychaetes lack respiratory structures, the larger one do possess gills
Gills are usually modifications of the parapodia

51. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Excretory System
Every segment contains a pair of nephridia except the peristomium and the anal segment .
Each nephridium opens into the coelomic cavity by means of a ciliated funnel.
Each nephridium passes posteriorly through the septum into the following segment. Where it forms coiled tube .
It opens at the base of aparapoium on the ventral surface through nephridiopore.

52. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Reproduction
1- Sexes are separate. 
2- No well _ defined gonads are present but during breeding season ova or spermatozoa arise from the wall of the coelom in each segment except near the anterior end.
3- At this time the worm is differentiated into 2 regions:
An anterior atoke.
A posterior epitoke which contains the gonads.
4- The specialized worm is called aheteronereid.
5- Fertilization occurs (external ) in the open water.
6- Trochophore larvae develop from the fertilized eggs.

53. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Reproduction

54. Phylum Annelida General characters Polychaeta Reproduction
Epitoky
Morphological changes
that take place in many
polychaetes associated
with the reproductive activity
in tube-dwelling species
At breeding time, many morphological changes associated with swimming allow the worms to leave their tubes and swarm to the surface of sea for mating

55. General view

56. Quiz 1- Annelida are ……………. , ………….. , ………… and ……… worms .
2- What the meaning of cutaneous respiration ?
3- What the meaning of Segmentation ?
4- What the advantages result from embryonic segmentation ?
5- Body space is partitioned by …………… .
6- What the meaning of Symmetry ?
7- Compare between two type of Symmetry ?
8- Symmetry are ………………… and ………….. .
9- What the important of Symmetry ?
10- What are the systems of Annelida ?
11- Both longitudinal and ……………………………..allows for coordination of propulsive muscular waves in …………………………. .
Special muscles attached to …………. to move it .
12- What are the mechanism of locomotion of Annelida ?
13- Illustrate Integumentary System ?
14- ……… epidermis that secretes a …….. .

57. Quiz 15- ……………….. transparent cuticle . 16- setae absent in …………… .
17- Coelom is ……………….. Space .
18- Not all organ systems are …………….. .
19- Illustrate the nervous system with drawing ?
20- leeches have an … brain of ……… pairs of fused ganglia and a …… brain of …… pairs of fused ganglia .
21- What are the sensory organs of Annelida ?
22- Circulatory System in Annelida is …………… .
23- ventral and dorsal blood vessels surrounding ……….. for circulating ………… .
24- Blood contains …………………………………..including hemoglobin .
25- Blood with hemoglobin as O2-carrying ……….. .

58. Quiz 26- Gas exchange by simple …………… .
Respiratory System
26- Gas exchange by simple …………… .
27- ……………. in some polychaetes .
28- parapodia in polychaetes act as ……………. .
29- ………………………seen in arthropods .
30- A meobocytes found in ……………… .
31- A meobocytes act as ……………. System .
32- ……………… digestive system with mouth and anus, not …………… arranged .
33- well muscularized pharynx in ……………. .
34- Crop for ………, Gizzard for ……. and Typhlosole with increase surface area for ………………. in oligochaetes
35- In oligochaetes what is the function of calciferous glands ?
36- leeches are ………….
37- Terrestrial leeches feed on …………….. , ………………….. and …………….. .

59. Quiz 38- Aquatic annelids secrete ………….. .
39- Write short notes on excretory system ?
40- Type of sex in oligochaetes …………..
41- Type of sex in polychaetes ……….. with external fertilization and formation of a ………….. larva .
42- Annelids are ……………… with cross fertilization .
43- …………….. is a special region at the anterior end of the worm .
44- What is the function of clitellum ?
45- ……………………. is typical larval stage
46- What are the major classes in Annelids?
47- Write short notes on the three major classes in Annelids (what are you know about them ) ?
48- What the meaning of monoecious , dioecious ?
49- In polychaetes ……………………. used in locomotion with many large number of ………………………setae
50- Write five characters of polychaetes ?

60. Quiz
51- What do you mean when you say Prostomium and what the function ?
52- Write short notes on habitat of polychaetes ?
53- What are the components of nervous system in polychaetes and can you illustrate how the syrians of nervous is flow ?
54- Draw the nervous system ?
55- ………….. is located just below the prostomium, but in front of the modified segments – peristomium .
56- …………. is surrounded by digestive glands .
57- ………………is equipped with pincer-like jaws
58- ………………… is straight , finally opens with anus in the anal segment
59- In polychaetes can you illustrate the way which any particles tack it to arrange to anus ? ( with draw and the type of this particle )
60- Muscular pharynx exist in …………….. and can be everted through the ………………… .
61- Draw the circulatory system in polychaetes and illustrate each function of vessels ?

61. Quiz Can you give another example of polychaetes with it systems?
62- Every segment contains a pair of………….except the peristomium and the anal segment .
63- Each nephridium opens into the coelomic cavity by means of ………………..
64- Each nephridium passes posteriorly through the ………. into the following segment. Where it forms ……………….
65- Reproduction tack place in ……………….
66- Give notes about epitoky and the function of it ?
Can you give another example of polychaetes with it systems?
(search)

62. Quiz (write in short point and we will see it in the next lecture )
What do you benefit in this lecture ?
(write in short point and we
will see it in the next lecture )
Prepare the next lecture please