1. Wigner-Seitz Cell
The Wigner–Seitz cell around a lattice point is defined as the locus of points in space that are closer to that lattice point than to any of the other lattice points.

2. The volume enclosed is called as a
Wigner-Seitz Method
A simply way to find the primitive
cell which is called Wigner-Seitz
cell can be done as follows;
Choose a lattice point.
Draw lines to connect these lattice point to its neighbours.
At the mid-point and normal to these lines draw new lines.
The volume enclosed is called as a
Wigner-Seitz cell.
Crystal Structure 2

3. Square lattice
Centred Rectangular lattice
Wigner-Seitz cells

4. Different kinds of CELLS
Unit cell
A unit cell is a spatial arrangement of atoms which is tiled in three-dimensional space to describe the crystal.
Primitive unit cell
For each crystal structure there is a conventional unit cell, usually chosen to make the resulting lattice as symmetric as possible. However, the conventional unit cell is not always the smallest possible choice. A primitive unit cell of a particular crystal structure is the smallest possible unit cell one can construct such that, when tiled, it completely fills space.
Wigner-Seitz cell
A Wigner-Seitz cell is a particular kind of primitive cell
which has the same symmetry as the lattice.

5. Wigner-Seitz Cell - 3D
Crystal Structure 5

6. Lattice Sites in Cubic Unit Cell
Crystal Structure 6

7. Fundamental properties of Solids
Lecture 03
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, PLANES & THE MILLER SYSTEM OF INDICES
Fundamental properties of Solids

8. Crystal Directions
We choose one lattice point on the line as an origin, say the point O. Choice of origin is completely arbitrary, since every lattice point is identical.
Then we choose the lattice vector joining O to any point on the line, say point T. This vector can be written as;
R = n1 a + n2 b + n3c
To distinguish a lattice direction from a lattice point, the triple is enclosed in square brackets [ ...] is used.[n1n2n3]
[n1n2n3] is the smallest integer of the same relative ratios.
Fig. Shows
[111] direction
Crystal Structure 8 8

9. Examples 210 X = ½ , Y = ½ , Z = 1 X = 1 , Y = ½ , Z = 0
[½ ½ 1] [1 1 2]
X = 1 , Y = ½ , Z = 0
[1 ½ 0] [2 1 0]
Crystal Structure 9 9

10. Negative directions
When we write the direction [n1n2n3] depend on the origin, negative directions can be written as
R = n1 a + n2 b + n3c
Direction must be
smallest integers.
(origin) O
- Y direction
X direction
- X direction
Z direction
- Z direction
Y direction
Crystal Structure 10 10

11. Examples of crystal directions
X = 1 , Y = 0 , Z = [1 0 0]
X = -1 , Y = -1 , Z = [110]
Crystal Structure 11 11

12. Examples We can move vector to the origin. X =-1 , Y = 1 , Z = -1/6
[ /6] [6 6 1]
Crystal Structure 12

13. When dealing with crsytalline materials, it is often necessary to specify a particular point within a unit cell, a particular direction or a particular plane of atoms.
Planes are important in crystals because if bonding is weak between a set of parallel planes, then brittle shear fracture may occur along these planes.
Therefore, it is necessary to be able to specify individual crystal planes and in the case of shear to specify directions within these planes.
Such identification is carried out by means of
Miller Indices.

14. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTIONS
A crystallographic direction is defined as a line between two points (a vector).
1. A vector of convenient length is positioned such that it passes through the origin of the coordinate system. (Any vector can be translated throughout the crystal lattice, if parallelism is maintained).
2. The length of the vector projection on each of the three axes is determined in terms of the unit cell dimensions a, b, and c.
3. These three numbers are multiplied or divided by a common factor to reduce them to the smallest integer values.
4. The tree indices are enclosed in brackets as [uvw]. The u, v, and w integers correspond to the reduced projections along x, y, and z-axes respectively.

15. Vector A → a, a, a 1/a, 1/a, 1/a [1 1 1] Vector B → [1 1 0]z x y a B C A
Vector A → a, a, a 1/a, 1/a, 1/a [1 1 1]
Vector B → [1 1 0]
Vector C → [1 1 1]

16. For some crystal structures, several nonparallel directions with different indices are actually equivalent. (The spacing of atoms along each direction is the same)
For example in cubic crystals, all the directions represented by the following indices are equivalent.
As a convenience, equivalent directions are grouped into a “family” which are grouped in angle brackets.

17. Sometimes the angle between two directions may be necessary.
A [h1 k1 l1] and B [h2 k2 l2] → the angle between them is a.
A . B=|A| |B| cos a
cos a =
(h12+k12+l12) (h22+k22+l22)
h1h2 + k1k2 + l1l2

18. Crystal Planes
Within a crystal lattice it is possible to identify sets of equally spaced parallel planes. These are called lattice planes.
In the figure density of lattice points on each plane of a set is the same and all lattice points are contained on each set of planes. b a b a
The set of
planes in
2D lattice.
Crystal Structure 18

19. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES
The orientations of planes for a crystal structure are represented in a similar manner.
In all but the hexagonal crystal system, crystallographic planes are specified by three Miller Indices as (hkl).
Any two parallel planes are equivalent and have identical indices.
The following procedure is employed in the determining the h, k, and l idex numbers of a plane:

20. If the plane passes through the selected origin, either another parallel plane must be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate translation, or a new origin must be established at the corner of another unit cell.
2. At this point the crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels each of the three axes; the length of the planar intercept for each axis is determined in terms of the lattice parameters a, b, and c.
3. The reciprocals of these numbers are taken.
4. If necessary, these three numbers are changed to the set of smallest integers by multiplication or division by a common factor.
5. The integer indices are enclosed within parantheses as (hkl).

21. 1. The plane passes through the selected origin O
1. The plane passes through the selected origin O. Therefore, a new origin must be selected at the corner of an adjacent unit cell.

23. Example: Faces of a cubic unit cell.
Various non-parallel planes may have similarities (crystallographically equivalent ). Such planes are referred to as “family of planes” and are designated as {h k l}
Example: Faces of a cubic unit cell.
(100)
(010)
(001)
(100)
(010)
(001)
Ξ {100}

24. Indices of Planes: Cubic Crystal

25. LINEAR DENSITY
When planes slip over each other, slip takes place in the direction of closest packing of atoms on the planes.
The linear density of a crystal direction [h k l] is determined as:
δ[h k l] =
length
# of atoms

26. FCC: Linear Density 3.5 nm a 2 LD = Linear Density of Atoms  LD =
Number of atoms
Unit length of direction vector a
[110]
ex: linear density of Al in [110] direction  a = nm
# atoms
length 1
3.5 nm a 2 LD - =
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. 26 26

27. BCC: Linear Density
Calculate the linear density for the following directions in terms of R:
[100]
[110]
[111]

28. Planar Density of (100) Iron
Solution:  At T < 912ºC iron has the BCC structure.
2D repeat unit R 3 4 a =
(100)
Radius of iron R = nm
Adapted from Fig. 3.2(c), Callister & Rethwisch 8e. =
Planar Density = a 2 1
atoms
2D repeat unit
nm2
12.1 m2
= 1.2 x 1019 R 3 4
area 28 28

29. P 3.55 (a): Planar Density for BCC
Derive the planar density expressions for BCC (100) and (110) planes in terms of the atomic radius R.

30. Planar Density of BCC (111) Iron
Solution (cont):  (111) plane
1 atom in plane/ unit surface cell 2 a
atoms in plane
atoms above plane
atoms below plane
2D repeat unit 3 h = a 2 3 2 R 16 4 a ah
area =  ø ö ç è æ 1 =
nm2
atoms
7.0 m2
0.70 x 1019 3 2 R 16
Planar Density =
2D repeat unit
area 30 30

31. P 3.54 (a): FCC
Derive planar density expressions for FCC (100), (110), and (111) planes.

32. P 3.56
3.56 (a) Derive the planar density expression for the HCP (0001) plane in terms of the atomic radius R.
(b) Compute the planar density value for this same plane for magnesium. (atomic radius for magnesium is nm) 32