1. Matrix Algebra
Matrix algebra is a means of expressing large numbers of calculations made upon ordered sets of numbers.
Often referred to as Linear Algebra
Many equations would be completely intractable if scalar mathematics had to be used. It is also important to note that the scalar algebra is under there somewhere.

2. Definitions - scalar scalar - a number
denoted with regular type as is scalar algebra
[1] or [a]

3. Definitions - vector vector - a single row or column of numbers
denoted with bold small letters
row vector a =
column vector x =

4. Definitions - Matrix A matrix is a set of rows and columns of numbers
Denoted with a bold Capital letter
All matrices (and vectors) have an order - that is the number of rows x the number of columns.
Thus A =

5. Matrix Equality
Two matrices are equal iff (if and only if) all of their elements are identical
Note: your data set is a matrix.

6. Matrix Operations Addition and Subtraction Multiplication
Transposition
Inversion

7. Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices may be added iff they are the same order.
Simply add the corresponding elements

8. Addition and Subtraction (cont.)
Where
Hence

9. Scalar Multiplication
To multiply a scalar times a matrix, simply multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar quantity

10. Matrix Multiplication (cont.)
To multiply a matrix times a matrix, we write
A times B as AB
This is pre-multiplying B by A, or post-multiplying A by B.

11. Matrix Multiplication (cont.)
In order to multiply matrices, they must be conformable (the number of columns in A must equal the number of rows in B.)
an (mxn) x (nxp) = (mxp)
an (mxn) x (pxn) = cannot be done
a (1xn) x (nx1) = a scalar (1x1)

12. Matrix Multiplication (cont.)
The general rule for matrix multiplication is:

13. Matrix multiplication is not Commutative
AB does not necessarily equal BA
(BA may even be an impossible operation)

14. Yet matrix multiplication is Associative
A(BC) = (AB)C

15. Special matrices There are a number of special matrices Square
Diagonal
Symmetric
Null
Identity

16. Square matrix
A square matrix is just what it sounds like, an nxn matrix
Square matrices are quite useful for describing the properties or interrelationships among a set of things – like the correlation matric for your dataset.

17. Diagonal Matrices
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix that has values on the diagonal with all off-diagonal entities being zero.

18. Symmetric Matrix
All of the elements in the upper right portion of the matrix are identical to those in the lower left.
For example, the correlation matrix

19. Identity Matrix
The identity matrix I is a diagonal matrix where the diagonal elements all equal one. It is used in a fashion analogous to multiplying through by "1" in scalar math.

20. Null Matrix A square matrix where all elements equal zero.
Not usually ‘used’ so much as sometimes the result of a calculation.
Analogous to “a+b=0”

21. The Transpose of a Matrix A'
Taking the transpose is an operation that creates a new matrix based on an existing one.
The rows of A = the columns of A'
Hold upper left and lower right corners and rotate 180 degrees.

22. Example of a transpose

23. The Transpose of a Matrix A'
If A = A', then A is symmetric (i.e. correlation matrix)
If AA’ = A then A' is idempotent
(and A' = A)
Idempotent means applying the same operation gives invariant results – e.g. 1 x 1 = 1 (see further…)
The transpose of a sum = sum of transposes
(A + B + C)’ = A’ + B’ + C’
The transpose of a product = the product of the transposes in reverse order
(ABC)’ = C’B’A’

24. An example:
Suppose that you wish to obtain the sum of squared errors from the vector e. Simply pre-multiply e by its transpose e'.
which, in matrices looks like

25. An example - cont
Since the matrix product is a scalar found by summing the elements of the vector squared.

26. The Determinant of a Matrix
The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by |A|.
Determinants exist only for square matrices.
They are a matrix characteristic, and they are also difficult to compute

27. The Determinant for a 2x2 matrix
If A =
Then
That one is easy

28. The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
If A =
Then

29. Determinants
For 4 x 4 and up don't try. For those interested, expansion by minors and cofactors is the preferred method.
(However the spaghetti method works well! Simply duplicate all but the last column of the matrix next to the original and sum the products of the diagonals along the following pattern.)

30. Spaghetti Method of |A|

31. Spaghetti Method of |A|

32. Properties of Determinates
Determinants have several mathematical properties which are useful in matrix manipulations.
1 |A|=|A'|.
2. If a row of A = 0, then |A|= 0.
3. If every value in a row is multiplied by k, then |A| = k|A|.
4. If two rows (or columns) are interchanged the sign, but not value, of |A| changes.
5. If two rows are identical, |A| = 0.

33. Properties of Determinates
6. |A| remains unchanged if each element of a row or each element multiplied by a constant, is added to any other row.
7. Det of product = product of Det's |AB| = |A| |B|
8. Det of a diagonal matrix = product of the diagonal elements

34. The Inverse of a Matrix (A-1)
For an nxn matrix A, there may be a B such that AB = I = BA.
(The inverse is analogous to a reciprocal)
A matrix which has an inverse is nonsingular.
A matrix which does not have an inverse is singular.
An inverse exists only if

35. Inverse by Row or column operations
Set up a tableau matrix
A tableau for inversions consists of the matrix to be inverted post multiplied by a conformable identity matrix.

36. Matrix Inversion by Tableau Method
Rules:
You may interchange rows.
You may multiply a row by a scalar.
You may replace a row with the sum of that row and another row multiplied by a scalar.
Every operation performed on A must be performed on I
When you are done; A = I & I = A-1

37. The Tableau Method of Matrix Inversion: An Example
Step 1: Set up Tableau
Step 2: Add –2(Row 1) to Row 2

38. Matrix Inversion – cont.
Step 3: Add –1(Row 1) to Row 3
Step 4: Multiply Row 2 by –1/3

39. Matrix Inversion – cont.
Step 5: Add –4 (Row 2) to Row 1
Step 6: Add 7(Row 2) to Row 3

40. Matrix Inversion – cont.
Step 7: Add Row 3 to Row 1
Step 9: Add 2(Row 3) to Row 2

41. Matrix Inversion – cont.
Step 9: Multiply Row 3 by -3
The original matrix is now an identity, and the original identity has been transformed to the Inverse

42. Checking the calculation
Remember AA-1=I
Thus

43. Using Stata to do matrix Algebra
Try the following command set
matrix input A= (1, 2 \ 3, 4)
matrix list A
matrix input B= (5, 6 \ 7, 8)
matrix list B
matrix define C = A + B
matrix list C
matrix X = (1, 4, 3 \ 2, 5, 4 \ 1, -3, -2)
matrix Xinv = inv(X)
matrix list Xinv

44. The Matrix Model
The multiple regression model may be easily represented in matrix terms.
Where the Y, X, B and e are all matrices of data, coefficients, or residuals

45. The Matrix Model (cont.)
The matrices in are represented by
Note that we postmultiply X by B since this order makes them conformable.

46. The Assumptions of the Model Scalar Version
1. The ei's are normally distributed.
2. E(ei) = 0
3. E(ei2) = 2
4. E(eiej) = 0 (ij)
5. X's are nonstochastic with values fixed in repeated samples and (Xik-Xbark)2/n is a finite nonzero number.
6. The number of observations is greater than the number of coefficients estimated.
7. No exact linear relationship exists between any of the explanatory variables.

47. The Assumptions of the Model: The Matrix Version
These same assumptions expressed in matrix format are:
1. e  N(0,)
2.  = 2I
3. The elements of X are fixed in repeated samples and (1/ n)X'X is nonsingular and its elements are finite

48. Derivation of B's in matrix notation
Given the matrix algebra model we can replicate the least squares normal equations in matrix format.
We need to minimize ee’ which is the sum of squared errors
Setting the derivative equal to 0 we ultimately get
Note that X’X is called the sums-of-squares and cross-products matrix.