1. Universal matter-wave interferometry from microscopic to macroscopic
…in the time-domain
Philipp Haslinger

2. Douglas Hofstadter

3. Matter-waves timeline
2013 m > amu
810 atoms
1999 Fullerenes C60 & C70
1995 BEC
90‘s I2, He2, Na2
1927 Davison & Gerner
1936 Neutrons
1930 He atoms & H2
1927 Electrons
1923 De Broglie hypothesis

4. Overview Motivation Talbot-Lau interferometry
Talbot-Lau in the time domain (OTIMA)
Experimental protocol
Interference of molecular clusters …
Limits and outlook
Far-off-resonant Bragg interferometer

5. Motivation Collapse models Bassi et al. Rev. Mod.Phys. 85, 471 (2013)
Probing quantum theory on large and complex systems
Study of novel decoherence effects
Collapse models Bassi et al. Rev. Mod.Phys. 85, 471 (2013)
5th force models
Realization of a novel matter-wave interferometer scheme
Quantum enhanced metrology of nanoparticles
Relative momentum sensitivity < single photon recoil

6. The Talbot Lau interferometerG1 G2 G3
intensity g v Δx Δx
810 Atoms and amu
Fluorinated porphyrin
incoherent
matter waves
preparation of
transversal
coherence
detection by shift of G3
diffraction

7. The Talbot Lau interferometerG1 G2 G3
intensity g v Δx Δx

8. The Talbot Lau interferometerG1 G2 G3
intensity g v Δx Δx

9. A model interferometers g d

10. The Talbot Lau interferometerG1 G2 G3
intensity g v Δx Δx
Was aber wenn wir in diesem Molekülstrahl auch Teilchen haben mit der halben Masse oder der halben Geschwindigkeit. Es beugt doppelt so weit auf! Und überlagert sich mit den Nachbarinterferenzmustern zu einer Periode von g konstruktiv.

11. A model interferometer
g = s max g
𝑳 𝑻 = d
Time - domain

12. A model interferometer
Interference pattern of faster particles
After the same time all
particles with the same mass produce the same interference,
regardless of their velocities! g d
Time - domain

13. A model interferometer
Interference pattern of slower particles g d
Time - domain

14. A model interferometer
After the same time all
particles with the same mass produce the same interference,
regardless of their velocities!
Time - domain

15. Transition to time-domain
After a certain time
.... all particles with the same mass
.... contribute to the same interference pattern
.... regardless of their velocity
-pulsed standing laser waves as periodic ionizing gratings g
How to implement?
Cahn et al., PRL 79 (1997) Nimmrichter et al., NJP 13 (2011)

16. 3 x 157 nm, 𝜏 = 8 ns F2 excimer laser
OTIMA interferometer
pulsed source
interferometer mirror
TOF MS
to MCP
mass
signal
We start with a pulsed source. Thermal evaporated neutral particles are releast in punches from hight preasure (seeded with an inert gas like argon) to vacuum. During this expansion they cool down and start to form clusters of diferent masses.
tsource
t=0
t=TT
t=2TT
tdetection
Pulsed
cluster source
3 x 157 nm, 𝜏 = 8 ns F2 excimer laser
157 nm post ionization

17. 3 x 157 nm, 𝜏 = 8 ns F2 excimer laser
OTIMA interferometer
pulsed source
interferometer mirror
TOF MS
to MCP
mass
signal
tsource
t=0
t=TT
t=2TT
tdetection
Pulsed
cluster source
3 x 157 nm, 𝜏 = 8 ns F2 excimer laser
157 nm post ionization

18. Quantum interference is revealed as a Mass-dependent signal amplification/reduction
Symmetric pulses⟶ Interference m T1 T2
Asymmetric pulses
Sind keine daten, sagen damit wir effect sehen. Mit naked eye not observable

19. The machine

20. Interference pattern encoded in the mass spectrum
Anthracene
C14H10
m = 178 amu
neon seedgas, vmax ≈920m/s ⟶ TT =19 µs
argon seedgas, vmax ≈700m/s ⟶ TT =26 µs
difference due to
constructive interference
Δ𝑆𝑁≡ 𝑆𝑦𝑚 −𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚
Bei den 7 fach vergrößert sollte man eine zoom animieren sonst kennt sich keiner aus
Vielleicht auch noch was mit ferrocene oder vanilin
Masse mehr also 2100amu
Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)

21. Interference pattern encoded in the mass spectrum
Anthracene
C14H10
m = 178 amu
Bei den 7 fach vergrößert sollte man eine zoom animieren sonst kennt sich keiner aus
Vielleicht auch noch was mit ferrocene oder vanilin
Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)

22. ferrocene Fe(C5H5)2 1973 caffeine C8H10N4O2 vanillin C8H8O3
Clusters of the following molecules have interfered in the OTIMA interferometer recently:
ferrocene
Fe(C5H5)2
m = 186 amu
1973
caffeine
C8H10N4O2
m = 194 amu
vanillin
C8H8O3
m = 152 amu
Ernst Otto Fischer und Geoffrey Wilkinson erhielten 1973 den Nobelpreis!
But especially for vanillin we were really suprised that we see interference pattern. The IE of Vanillin is 8.3 eV. So at least 2 Photons are needed for ionisation. So we decided to have a closer look on our optical gratings.

23. S. Nimmrichter et al.
Concept of a time-domain ionizing matter-wave interferometer
New J. Phys. 13, (2011)
P. Haslinger et al.
A universal matter-wave interferometer with optical ionization gratings in the time domain Nature Physics,  9, 144–148 (2013)
N. Dörre et al.
Photofragmentation beam splitters for matter-wave interferometry Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, (2014)
A refined model for Talbot Lau matter-wave optics with pulsed photo-depletion gratings
JOSA B 32, 114–120 (2015)

24. Limits & Outlook: -absence of dispersive Grating/wall interaction
high interference contrast expected for masses even beyond 106 amu
mass
Talbot time
required velocity
required
vacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
15 ms
1.3 m/s
10-9 mbar
4.5 mm
107 amu
150 ms
13 cm/s
10-11 mbar
45 cm
108 amu
1.5 s
1.3 cm/s
10-12 mbar
45 m
mass
Talbot time
required velocity
required
vacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
15 ms
1.3 m/s
10-9 mbar
107 amu
150 ms
13 cm/s
10-11 mbar
108 amu
1.5 s
1.3 cm/s
10-12 mbar
mass
Talbot time
required velocity
required
vacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
15 ms
1.3 m/s
107 amu
150 ms
13 cm/s
108 amu
1.5 s
1.3 cm/s
mass
Talbot time
required velocity
required
vacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
15 ms
107 amu
150 ms
108 amu
1.5 s
mass
Talbot time
required velocity
required
vacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
107 amu
108 amu
cooling and/or trapping necessary
managable

25. THE OTIMA TEAM special thanks to Markus Arndt Jonas Rodewald
Nadine Dörre
Philipp Geyer
Stefan Nimmrichter (Theory)

26. Universal matter-wave interferometry from microscopic to macroscopic
…in the time-domain

27. Antihydrogen interferometer
V(z) z
Interferometer
Standing wave
Pions g
Mirror coils
Bias field
Mirror
Octupole windings
60 cm
Interferometer cell
Trap
P. Hamilton, A. Zhmoginov, F. Robicheaux, J. Fajans, J. Wurtele, H. Müller PRL 112, , 2014

28. Antihydrogen interferometer
Goals and features
Test g for H, anti-H
Initially 10-3, eventually 10-6
Design
Efficient use of ~300 atoms / month
Laser cooling (Donin, Fujiwara, Robicheaux J. Phys. B 46, )
Adiabatic cooling
No Lyman-α laser for interferometry (but for laser cooling)
Far off-resonant Bragg transitions, couples to dc polarizability
Almost any atom
Advantages
Commercial lasers
Based on ALPHA and atom interferometers, both work
P. Hamilton, A. Zhmoginov, F. Robicheaux, J. Fajans, J. Wurtele, H. Müller PRL 112, , 2014

29. Thank you for your attention!