1. Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine
Chapter 11
Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine

2. COCAINE NATURALLY OCCURRING DRUG WITH LOCAL ANESTHETIC PROPERTIES
COMES FROM THE LEAVES OF THE COCA BUSH
ADMINISTRATION: SNORTING

3. Cocaine: Historical Perspectives
Chewing Coca leaves was popular among Inca Civilizations
Ancient Inca records indicate that coca chewing was appreciated for increased strength and stamina to workers
Coca was used to measure time and distance (mouthfuls of coca leaves)

4. Cocaine: Historical Perspectives
1859’s - German chemist, Alfred Nieman isolated cocaine
Vin Mariani (wine with cocaine)

5. Cocaine: Historical Perspectives
Freud used cocaine to “cure” morphine addiction - Freud himself became dependent upon cocaine
John Pemberton took out alcohol added soda water, syrup from kola nut, and caffeine to produce Coca-cola

6. Cocaine: Historical Perspectives
Late 1800’s negative public reaction to cocaine
1914 Harrison Narcotic Act was enacted and non-medical use of cocaine drecreased
1970’s – recreational use of cocaine again became popular

7. LOW DOSES INCREASED HEART RATE INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
DECREASE IN FATIGUE
INCREASE IN MENTAL ALERTNESS
INCREASED SOCIABILITY

8. HIGH DOSES NERVOUSNESS DIZZINESS, BLURRED VISION VOMITING, TREMORS
REPRESSION OF HEART ENZYMES
CONVULSIONS
DEATH

9. COCAINE EUPHORIA
SHORT-LIVED EUPHORIA
15-30 MINUTE “HIGH”
“CRASHING”

10. LONG TERM USE INFECTIONS OF THE NASAL SEPTUM COCAINE PSYCHOSIS
FORMICATION (COCAINE BUGS)

11. FREEBASE FORMS
PURIFIED FORMS OF COCAINE
“FREEBASING”
CRACK

12. CRACK IMPURITIES FROM COCAINE REMOVED SOLD IN TINY CHIPS AND SMOKED
HAS 10 TIMES THE IMPACT OF COCAINE

13. EFFECTS OF CRACK 15-30 MINUTE HIGH WITHIN 10 SECONDS OF ADMINISTRATION
CRASHING INCLUDES PROFOUND DEPRESSION AND NAUSEA
UP AND DOWN CYCLE REINFORCES CRAVING

14. AMPHETAMINES
POWERFUL SYNTHETIC STIMULANT FIRST SYNTHESIZED IN LATE 1800’s
USED MEDICALLY IN 1930’s for
RAISING BLOOD PRESSURE AND
ASTHMA
ALSO USED IN WW2 BY JAPAN AND GERMANY

15. Amphetamines are similar to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine

16. Effects Psychological -euphoria -restlessness -agitation -confusion
-paranoia
-hallucinations

17. Physical Effects Dry mouth High blood pressure Tremors Tinnitus
Convulsions
Cardiac arrest

18. The physical and psychological effects of amphetamines can last for hours and the “crashing” can also last for hours

19. Medical Uses for Amphetamines
Narcolepsy
Depression
Weight Loss
ADHD

20. Ritalin Americans consume over 90% of the world’s Ritalin
More than 4 million American children take Ritalin
Ritalin has a high safety record

21. Ritalin Dosage
A low dosage of Ritalin helps the child’s cognitive processing
Enhances functioning of the RAS

22. Problems with Ritalin Adverse effects include Insomnia Weight loss
Headahces
Irritability
Nausea
Dizziness

23. Diversion of Ritalin
Ritalin is an amphetamine cogener so it can produce a powerful stimulant effect for someone using it recreationally
Ritalin is a popular stimulant that is diverted from medical to recreational use

24. Xanthines XANTHINES ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING STIMULANTS AND INCLUDE
CAFFEINE
THEOPHYLLINE
THEOBROMINE

25. Coffee is the major source for caffeine
Tea is a the major source for theophylline
Chocolate is the major source for theobromine

26. Caffeine Caffeine is the world’s most frequently consumed stimulant
The effects at moderate levels are cerebral stimulation, increased blood pressure, increased body temperature, and decreased appetite

27. LONG-TERM EFFECTS NO SERIOUS EFFECTS
CONTRAINDICATED WITH PREGNANCY, HEADACHES, DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS, PANIC DISORDERS

28. CAFFEINISM
DEFINED: ACUTE OR CHRONIC OVERUSE OF CAFFEINE RESULTING IN DEPENDENCE AND/OR STIMULANT USE SYMPTOMS

29. CAFFEINISM SYMPTOMS RESTLESSNESS NERVOUSNESS EXCITEMENT INSOMNIA
EXCESSIVE DIURESIS
GI COMPLAINTS

30. CAFFEINISM SYMPTOMS MUSCLE TWITCHING RAMBLING FLOW OF THOUGHT/SPEECH
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA

31. Summary
Cocaine is a naturally occurring drug with local anesthetic properties
High does of cocaine can result in death
Long term use of cocaine has negative medical consequences
Crack is a freebase form of cocaine

32. Amphetamines are powerful prescription stimulants, commonly referred to as “speed”
Ritalin is an amphetamine used in treating ADHD
Caffeine is a cerebral stimulant
Caffeinism results from an overdose of caffeine