1. Muscle Tissue
Chapter 8
Bio201

2. Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Movement of body
Posture maintenance
Storing and moving substances within the body

3. Functions of Skeletal Muscle
Heat production - 85% of body heat is generated by skeletal muscle
% of energy from nutrients is converted to ATP by cellular respiration
% of energy from nutrients is converted to heat

4. Histology Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers
Sarco = fleshy
Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm

5. Histology
Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+, has enlarged portions called cisternae that surround the transverse tubules

6. Histology
Myofibrils – cross section of muscle cell consists of small cylinders called myofibrils which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell (exercise increases myofibril production; lack of exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy))
Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (protein)

7. Histology thick myofilaments = myosin
thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin

8. Histology
Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into compartments called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal muscle (contractile unit)
Sarcomere extends from Z disc to Z disc

9. Histology Parts of sarcomere A band - myosin + overlapping actin
I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I bands / sarcomere)
Z disc – through center of I band

10. Neuromuscular Junction
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) - (one per muscle fiber and usually in middle) = axon terminal (synaptic end bulb) + motor end plate (sarcolemma under motor neuron)
Acetylcholine (Ach), a neurotransmitter, is released at the NMJ by a motor neuron causing a muscle impulse, which in turn will cause the muscle to contract

11. Neuromuscular Junction
Problems at the NMJ
Curare - binds to ACh receptors in skeletal muscle membrane; competes with ACh but does not stimulate the ACh receptor; therefore muscle paralysis

12. Neuromuscular Junction
Botulism - toxin inhibits ACh release (from the bacteria Clostridium botulinum); therefore: muscle paralysis
A dilute solution of botulinum toxin can be injected into a muscle that is in spasm to help it relax
Myasthenia gravis - antibodies destroy ACh receptors; therefore muscle paralysis

13. Neuromuscular Junction
Organophosphates (in some pesticides) - inhibits acetylcholinesterase; therefore muscle spasms
Tetanus - affects nervous system (from the bacteria Clostridium tetani) - this anaerobic bacteria produces a toxin that blocks an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, causing spasms and painful convulsions; therefore tetanus shots immunize against the toxin

14. Motor Units
Motor unit - motor neuron (densely branched) + all the skeletal muscle fibers it services (5 fibers to 2000 muscle fibers)
One entire muscle has many motor units
Not all are stimulated at same time
The smaller the number of muscle fibers/motor unit, the more precise the control of the muscle fibers

15. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Sliding Filament Mechanism means: myosin (thick myofilaments) cross bridges pull actin (thin myofilaments) inward during contraction

16. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Sliding Filament Mechanism means: myosin (thick myofilaments) cross bridges pull actin (thin myofilaments) inward during contraction
At rest
Calcium in SR (terminal cisternae)

17. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Troponin-tropomyosin prevents myosin from binding to sites on actin
ATP bonded to myosin cross bridges (concentration of ATP is high in relaxed muscle)

18. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Motor neuron releases acetylcholine at the NMJ causing a muscle impulse (excitation)
In response to the muscle impulse, the SR releases calcium into the sarcoplasm

19. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Calcium interacts with troponin and tropomyosin in the thin filament changing their shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (thick filament) on actin
Myosin breaks down ATP and uses the energy released to pull the thin filament toward the middle of the sarcomere, contraction

20. Sliding Filament Mechanism
Contraction will continue as an endless repeating cycle as long as calcium and ATP are present

21. Sliding Filament Mechanism
To relax following contraction
ACh is inactivated by acetycholinesterase (from sarcolemma surface)
Calcium is actively transported back into SR
Troponin-tropomyosin reattach to actin preventing attachment of myosin cross bridges to actin
ATP attaches to myosin cross bridge

22. ATP and Muscle Function
Sources of ATP
Stored ATP - lasts only 6 seconds during bursts of muscle contraction
ATP generated from creatine phosphate (CP) (CP + ADP → creatine + ATP) - together ATP that is stored and CP provide muscle power for sec (CP replenished during resting periods)

23. ATP and Muscle Function
Even as ATP and CP are being used, ATP is generated by aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Resting and slowly contracting muscles obtain bulk of ATP via aerobic respiration of fatty acids

24. ATP and Muscle Function
In actively contracting muscles, glucose (from blood and breakdown of glycogen) is primary fuel supply
Aerobic pathway: glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 36ATP
Anaerobic pathway: glucose → lactic acid + 2 ATP

25. ATP and Muscle Function
Aerobic pathway produces 20X more ATP than anaerobic respiration but takes 2 1/2 times longer
Anaerobic respiration causes oxygen debt to occur

26. Oxygen Debt
Oxygen Debt: Amount of oxygen needed to metabolize the accumulated lactic acid and to restore ATP levels
Muscle fatigue is result of ATP depletion and accumulation of lactic acid
Oxygen debt results in labored breathing in order to pay back the O2 debt

27. All or None Principal
All or None Principle - individual muscle fibers of a motor unit will contract to its fullest extent of its immediate ability when stimulated by a nerve impulse of threshold level - the principle does not apply to the entire muscle but only to motor units