1. Pretest Unit 3: Population Ecology
What is a population and how do ecologists study it
Explain the difference between a niche and habitat
Explain the predator/prey relationship and carrying capacity on the graph.
Explain why animals fight
Explain how certain factors limit a population
Explain animal extinction and how it affects an area
What is succession and how does it occur?

2. Population Ecology

3. Species, Populations, Community, and sampling
LT: Organisms occupy a specific area

4. Species and Community
Fact 18 A species is a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
Fact 15 A community is all the different populations that live together in an area.

5. populations
Fact 16 A population is all the members of one species in a particular area.
the entire group of items or individuals being studied
Populations change over time
There are many factors that influence a population
Natural
Unnatural
Fact 38 Population density (number in an area) has a great impact on ecosystems
Population dynamics is the study of how the characteristics of the population change in response to changes in the environmental conditions

6. Bellwork` 10/30 What are three things we learned about yesterday?
You must have a sentence about each one

7. Sampling Sample: a part of the population being studied
Sampling populations gives an idea of
Size- how many
Density- how many in a specific area
Dispersion- how close or far away from each other
Location- where species are located
A representative sample of the population is needed in order to make a valid inference, or an accurate prediction based on data
Survey: a method of gathering information about a specific group of items or individuals

8. Example 1: A 7th grade homeroom was surveyed to determine how many texts students at Olean Intermediate Middle School send each day.
What is the population?
All students in the school
What is the sample?
Students in the seventh grade homeroom that was surveyed
Biased or unbiased?
Biased. One class of 7th graders does not accurately represent all students in the school.

9. Example 2: To track migration patterns of a particular species of bird, scientists randomly tag, release, and track 50 birds of that species.
What is the population?
The species of bird being studied
What is the sample?
The 50 birds that the scientists tagged
Tagged birds are specially marked birds that are tracked. Scientists use the data on these birds to make generalizations about an entire bird species.
Biased or unbiased?
Unbiased. The birds tagged were randomly selected.

10. Four factors of population change
Natality - births within the population
Mortality - deaths within the population
Immigration =-arrival of individuals from outside the population
Emigration =-departure of individuals from the population
Growth rate formula -
(Crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (Crude death rate + emigration rate) - Growth rate

11. Population changes affect communities
As population in one species declines, other species may appear
Human development now displaces other species and threatens biodiversity

12. Species, Population, Community, Sampling.
Picture Mapping
Today you will create a visual representation about the topics we discussed
Only pictures
No words
Detailed enough for a random person to understand the topics
Species, Population, Community, Sampling.

13. Habitat and Niche Notes
LT: Organisms occupy a specific area

14. Habitat - A habitat is the specific environment that provides the things an organism needs to live, grow and reproduce.
Includes living and nonliving elements
Scale-dependent: from square meters to miles
each organism thrives in certain habitats, but not in others (habitat use)
Habitat selection - the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live
Availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organism’s well- being

15. Niche A niche is the role an organism plays in its habitat, or how it makes a living.
total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem
Habitat use, food selection, role in energy and nutrient flow
Interactions with other individuals
Specialists - species with narrow niches and very specific requirements
Extremely good at what they do, but vulnerable to change
Generalists = species with broad niches that can use a wide array of habitats and resources
Able to live in many different places

17. Predator and Prey Interactions

18. Organisms interact in different ways
Predator prey interactions
A predator is the organism that does the killing in a predation interaction.
Prey is an organism that is killed and eaten by another organism.
Competition
Competition is the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource.
Cooperation
Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for their common/mutual benefit

19. A concept map of what effects the size of a population.
Population Size
A concept map of what effects the size of a population.
population grows
Decrease in predators
plenty of food
food shortage
Predators
Food
increase in predators
POPULATION SIZE
population falls
overcrowding
Disease
increased aggression / competition for resources

20. Animals that eat other animals
Populations of animals are often limited by the amount of food.
animals that eat other animals are called
predators
animals that predators eat are called
prey

21. Predator and prey aadaptations
Predators are adapted to catching and consuming their prey.
Prey have adaptations to detect and prevent being eaten by predators.

22. Prey Adaptations – General
Prey have adaptations to detect and prevent being eaten by predators.
mimicry
venomous coral snake
scarlet kingsnake
speed & keen senses
camouflage
warning colors & patterns

23. Predator Adaptations – General
Predators have adaptations to catch and consume their prey.
birds of prey have keen eyesight and sharp beaks and talons
camouflage allows predators to blend in with their surroundings
venomous snakes have poisonous venom to subdue their prey
kingsnakes are immune to the venom of venomous snakes
treefrogs have special pads on their feet so they can cling to vertical surfaces

24. Predator–prey graph There are always more prey than predators.
The prey always increases before the predators do.
To do: Write down how you could tell which line is the predator and which is the prey on a graph. Explain why the predator increases after the prey.

25. Predator–prey graph
This population data comes from fur trapping records.
How are the populations linked?

26. estimated population size (thousands)
Predator–prey graph
How does the lynx population depend on the number of snowshoe hares?
Take a closer
look at this part
of the graph.
150
snowshoe
hare
lynx
100
estimated population size (thousands) 50
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
time (year)

27. Predator–prey graph section
Why does the peak for the lynx population always come after the peak for the number of snowshoe hares?
150
snowshoe
hare
lynx
For the populations
to survive, there will always be more hares than lynxes.
100
estimated population size (thousands) 50
1850
1855
1860
1865
time (year)

28. predator population decreases predator population increases
Predator–prey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population increases?
normal prey population
prey population
increases
prey population
increases
predator population decreases
as less food
predator population increases
as more food
prey population decreases
because of more predators

29. predator population decreases predator population increases
Predator–prey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population decreases?
normal prey population
prey population
decreases
prey population
decreases
predator population decreases
as less food
predator population increases
as more food
prey population increases
because of less predators

30. PREDATION
is when an individual of one species (predator) eats all or most of an individual of another species (prey).
An everyday occurrence in nature.

31. Bellwork 11/10 Explain what a population is
Explain predator prey relationships (be sure to talk about the graph)

32. Populations change over time: Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem
Define Limiting factors. Discuss scientific nomenclature. The GTF is native to Florida and the Southeastern U.S.

33. Limiting Factors Environmental factors (either biotic or abiotic)
that prevent a population from increasing
Review biotic and abiotic if necessary.

34. basic need of all organisms to obtain energy from the environment
Availability of Food
basic need of all organisms to obtain energy from the environment
If food is not available, organisms may not reproduce and/or may starve
Water
The right quantity and quality of water is a basic need of all organisms
Shelter
A basic need of all organisms to find a suitable place to take refuge from the weather, to hide from predators, to sleep, to raise young, etc.
Shelter may be biotic (like trees), abiotic (like rocks), and/or man-made (like houses)
To return to title page click on the word return.

35. Space
A basic need of all organisms to have a certain amount of space
Must be large enough to meet organism’s basic requirements such as finding food, water, shelter, mates, etc.
Predation
An organism preys on and consumes animals
Disease
Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and infected wound sites may negatively impact organisms
Habitat Destruction
Loss of habitat through climate change, urbanization, and other factors

36. Populations change over time: Carrying Capacity

37. Bellwork 11/12/14 Explain what a limiting factor is
Give 4 examples of limiting factors
Explain how limiting factors effect animal populations.

38. Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the largest population that an area can support
Maintaining a balance

39. Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is determined by limiting factors (both abiotic and biotic)
Limiting factors can include: number of predators, amount of rain, temperature, amount of food, and disease.
These factors are based on
Location
Time
Short term ~ seasonal changes
Long-term ~global changes in factors such as climate
Technology

40. Bellwork 11/13/14 What is carrying capacity?
How does carrying capacity effect a population?

41. Populations change over time: Ecologic Succession
Learning Target: I will be able to explain how populations in an area take over an environment
Succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time
The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing biotic and abiotic factors

42. Ecological Succession: Primary
The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have topsoil is called Primary Succession.
It occurs very slowly at first

43. Ecological Succession: Primary
The first organisms to arrive are usually lichens or mosses, which are called pioneer species.
They secrete acids that can break down rock
Their dead, decaying organic materials, along with bits of sediment from the rock make up soil.

44. Ecological Succession: Primary
Small weedy plants and other organisms become established.
As these organisms die, additional soil is created

45. Ecological Succession: Primary
Seeds brought in by animals, water and wind begin to grow in the soil.
Eventually enough soil is present for shrubs and trees to grow.

46. Ecological Succession: Primary
The stable, mature community that eventually develops from bare rock is called a climax community.

47. Ecological Succession: Secondary
Disturbances (fire, flood, windstorms) can disrupt a community.
After a disturbance, new species of plants and animals might occupy the habitat.

48. Ecological Succession: Secondary
Pioneer species in secondary succession are usually plants that begin to grow in the disturbed area.
This is much faster than primary succession

49. Ecological Succession: End point?
Cannot be predicted
Different rates of growth & human involvement make it impossible to know if a true climax community has been reached.

50. http://www. schooltube
Showing%20Succession

51. Conservation Biology
Conservation biology is the study of how to protect biodiversity.

52. Endangered, Threatened, and Extinct Species
A threatened species is a species that could become endangered in the near future. An endangered species are species that are in danger of becoming extinct in the near future Extinction is the disappearance of all members of a species from Earth

53. Habitat Loss

54. If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die.
Destruction of habitat - such as the clearing of tropical rainforests, has a direct impact on global biodiversity.
Disruption of habitat - the declining population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem.