1. Socio-Economic Implications of Health Disparities International Council on Social Welfare - ICSW Tuvia Horev Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel December 2007

2. The National Health Insurance Law in Israel “State health insurance under this Law shall be grounded in principles of justice, equality, and mutual aid.”

3. Distribution of Israel’s National Budget, 2006 Total budget: 309 billion NIS, 2006

4. Distribution of Expenditure on Social Services, 2006

5. Infant Mortality, International Comparisons Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 Yearbook, Israeli statistics based on WHO 2006 Israel Rate of infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2005

6. Longevity in Men, 2005 Israel years

7. Physicians Israel Rate per 1,000 population

8. Per Capita Health Expenditure, 2004 PPP, US$

9. National Health Expenditure as a Percent of GDP, 1995 - 2006 2005 Expenditure was NIS44 Billion (in 2000 terms) Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007 Yearbook

10. Public Health Expenditure: International Comparison Israel Public expenditure as a percent of National health expenditure 2004, 2005

11. Percent of Private Funding Out of Total National Health Expenditure, 1995 - 2006 Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 Yearbook

12. Health Expenditure and Population Growth: since the National Health Insurance Law was passed, expenditure has not kept pace with population growth Index 1994=100

13. Respondents Who Have Refrained from Obtaining Essential Medical Treatment in the Past Year Due to Cost Taub Center Survey – July 2006 Rate among those age 65+ - 23.7% Overall average – 21.2%

14. Household Expenditure on Health, 1990 - 2005 % of household expenditure on these needs

15. Prevalence of diabetes among Ethiopian immigrants as a function of length of time in Israel Various sources: see Epstein, Horev 2007

16. Infant Mortality by Geographic Locale rate per 1,000 live births

17. Infant Mortality and Mother’s Education, 2000 - 2002 X 4.6 Years of education Health in Israel, Ministry of Health, 2005 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births

18. Longevity by Place of Residence The Social Health Profile of Israeli Locales, 1998-2002

19. Household Expenditure on Health, by type of expenditure and income level, 2005 Household Expenditure Calculations, CBS Percent of total household expenditure spent on health

20. Why Do We Need to Bridge Gaps in Health Systems? Moral Values Equity Social Solidarity Social Cohesion Economic Aspects

21. A Draft of a National Plan to Narrow Health Disparities Acknowledging the existence of a problem and a national commitment to deal with the issue Setting measurable targets and choosing main areas for action Dealing with barriers on the supply side: investing in the infrastructure in the periphery, reorganizing the system of existing incentives, training professionals to be “culturally appropriate” Dealing with barriers on the demand side: reorganizing the issue of co-payments, culturally sensitive explanatory materials

22. Conclusion Narrowing of health inequalities should be a basic obligation of the State towards its citizens Reasonable accessibility to health services is a natural right of all Part of the problems of inequalities in health stem from factors that are outside of the health system The State should recognize the existence of the problem of inequalities and its responsibility to address the issue The health system has a key role in narrowing gaps The plan’s implementation requires building coalitions between “interested parties” in the health system and various government bodies, mainly the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Health

23. A Healthy Debate The contribution of health system policy to social integration and social cohesion Differences between countries in the amount of obligation that they express (policy statements, legislation, budget allocations, etc) Priority setting within the basket of social services Achievements and challenges in narrowing inequalities in health in other countries