1. Normalization Lite Pepper

2. Golden Rule Every attribute must depend upon the key, --- > 1NF the whole key, --- > 2NF and nothing but the key. -  3NF and BCNF

3. Forms Codd stated: –There is, in fact, a very simple elimination* procedure which we shall call normalization. Through decomposition nonsimple domains are replaced by "domains whose elements are atomic (nondecomposable) values."

4. 1NF Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table. Every item has its own field. –(no name which is really first and last name) –(no phone1, phone 2, phone3) Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

5. 1NF example Table with: –Person –Favorite Color –Foods Not Eaten 1 –Foods Not Eaten 2 –Foods Not Eaten 3 How to fix this?

6. 1NF example Table 1 with: –Person –Favorite Color Table 2 with –Person –Foods Not Eaten

7. 2NF Meet all the requirements of the first normal form. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys. –Ex: Student address in the enrollment table – repeated for every course. Yes, student is part of the key, but not the full key When you notice data repeated in your table, pull it out into its own table

8. 2NF problem Part's ID (primary key)Supplier's ID (primary key)Supplier's namePriceSupplier's address 652Stylized Parts$59.99VA 732Stylized Parts$20.00VA 651ACME Industries$49.99CA HOW TO FIX?

9. 2NF solution Suppliers IDNameAddress 1ACME IndustriesCA 2Stylized PartsVA Part's ID (primary key)Supplier's ID (primary key)Price 652$59.99 732$20.00 651$49.99

10. 3NF Meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key. –Same as 2NF, but looking at dependencies not on part of primary key Problem example: PART_NUMBER (PRIMARY KEY) MANUFACTURER_NAME MANUFACTURER_ADDRESS

11. 3NF solution Table 1: –MANUFACTURER_NAME (PRIMARY KEY) –MANUFACTURER_ADDRESS Table 2: –PART_NUMBER (PRIMARY KEY) – MANUFACTURER_NAME (FOREIGN KEY)

12. BCNF the key uniquely identifies a row, but the key includes more columns than are actually required to uniquely identify a row, then no good Consider: CREATE TABLE t_employees1 ( employee_id INT IDENTITY, last_name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT XPKt_employees1 PRIMARY KEY (employee_id, last_name, first_name))

13. BCNF solution CREATE TABLE t_employees1 ( employee_id INT IDENTITY, last_name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, first_name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT XPKt_employees1 PRIMARY KEY (employee_id))

14. 4NF Meet all the requirements of the third normal form. A relation is in 4NF if it has no multi-valued dependencies Problem table: (employees have different combinations of qualifications and training courses) –EMPLOYEE_ID –QUALIFICATION_ID –TRAINING_COURSE_ID

15. 4NF Solution employee_qualification table: –EMPLOYEE_ID –QUALIFICATION_ID employee_training_course table: –EMPLOYEE_ID –TRAINING_COURSE_ID But this is ok: –EMPLOYEE_ID –DEGREE_ID –UNIVERSITY_ID

16. Golden rules Don’t repeat data Watch empty fields Don’t have summary fields in tables – leave them in the detail and calculate them Every field should rely on the full primary key