1. Renewable Energy in Jordan -
Desalination of Brackish Water by Solar Energy
By:
Salah Azzam
Director of Energy Research Program
National Center for Research and Development

2. Introduction
1- RE Resource Assessment
2- Current RE Utilizations in Jordan
3- SOLAR WATER PUMPING IN REMOTE AREAS
4- SOLAR BRAKISH WATER DESALINATION

3. key research areas of NCRD include:
Introduction
key research areas of NCRD include:

4. Energy Situation in Jordan --I
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
Crude Oil and Oil Derivatives
4426
4454
4774
6141
Renewable Energy
128
137
141
130
Natural Gas
2697
3086
2289
873
Imported Electricity 98
168
313
SUM
7335
7739
7357
7457

5. Cost of Energy Consumed
Energy Situation in Jordan --- II
Cost of Energy Consumed
Energy Imported Bill (million JD)
Energy costs as percentage of Imports & Exports
Exports%
Imports%
GDP%
2008
2763 49
22.9
18.3
2009
1916
42.3
19.2
10.8
2010
2603
52.2 24
13.3
2011
4019 71 31 20

6. I- RE Resource Assessment
Dr. Christina Class, INCOSOL 2012

7. Map of Global Solar Radiation over Jordan (MEMR) and Royal Geographical Center, developed by Risø in 1989 ,(W.h/m2/day)

8. Solar Exclusion Map
“Action Plan for high priority renewable energy initiatives in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Area” (REMAP), (REMAP

9. Conclusions- solar potential
With all these restrictions,
5% of the surface of Jordan is estimated to be suitable for developing solar plants. This figure would involve 100 GW = 250 TW.h
Solar generation capacity economic potential estimation has been carried out : reducing the economic potentially feasible area to 15 km to the 132 kV grid boundary. ► 1% of the surface of Jordan. This area means 20 GW of installed capacity, with an electrical production of 50,000 GWh, being the current annual electrical consumption in Jordan around 12,000 GWh

10. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), with cooperation with Royal Geographic Center, has provided wind resource map in Jordan at 50 m height a.g.l.:

11. Exclusion Criteria
The application of this filter allows estimating the available area around 41 % of the total surface of Jordan.
Distance >1000 m of a Residential areas, noise < 40 db.
Distance < 100 m from the axis of a regional road,
Distance < 200 m from the axis of highway.
Lakes and dams (hydrology). Water covered areas are neglected in the estimation of wind.
Distance less than 75 km of a line of electric transmission.

12. Wind Power Exclusion Map
The application of this filter allows estimating the available area around 16 % of the total surface of Jordan. Taking into account these figures, the wind technical potential is 3.6 GW.

13. Hydro-power Potential
1- King Talal dam spanning the river Zarqa, 5 MW.
2- Aqaba thermal power station 5 MW.
3- Khirbit Al Samra WWTP 3.5 MW
The total capacity of hydropower is 13.5 MWe, the total amount of electricity generated, in 2012, by hydro-units was 57.6 GWh.
Proposed RED-DEAD Canal : 800‑1000 MW

14. Biogas – Organic Waste
Energy in fertilizers
MWhth/a % N
907,130
50.9%
P2O5
814,550
45.7%
K2O
61,184
3.4%
TOTAL
1,782,863
Summary on potential for electrical power generation in 12 Governorates from 7 substrates, 96.5MW, 273 MW th

15. Potential of Biogas Energy in MSW Landfills
Period of landfill, year
Waste deposited, Gg
Average yearly deposition, (Gg)
Years remaining for closure
Quantity of methane generated per year (Gg)
Quantity of methane generated (Gg)-2006
Akaider 20
1,450.80
246 10
119.16
Mafraq 74
6.1 39
N.Shouneh
471.12
118
9.7
38.69
Russaifa 15
8,000.00
630
51.7
657.07
Al Ghabawi 25
1,606.00
803 23 66
131.9
Dhuleil 56
4.6
15.17
Salt
519.48 79
6.5
42.67
Der alla 3
12.61
Madaba 14
182
14.9
64.09
Karak 89
7.3
41.95
Tafila 13
223.08 31
2.5
18.32
Shobak 9 22
1.8
10.05
Ail
1.6
10.1
Ma’an
243.36 44
3.6
19.99
Aqaba 4
-----
------

16. Total Energy in Landfills 356 MW

17. Solid Biomass
The olive cake represents the solid biomass resources in Jordan.
47203 tons of olive cake is generated every year with a rate of increase of 4.5% every year.

18. Geothermal Potential
Most of these wells are discharging thermal water range in temperature from 30 to 62 Co. Azraq Well (Az-1) is the classic example of these wells. Azraq well is located about 2 km south west of North Azraq.
Another well of importance is Smeika -1 well which is located at 17 km north of Safawi town.
The temperature is 57°C and the total dissolved solids are about 600 ppm with high H2S smell. Several wells have been drilled during the oil exploration project by Natural Resources Authority.

19. Summary Assessments of Renewable Potentials
in Jordan
 Source
Theoretical Potential
SOLAR Energy
20 GW
WIND Energy
3.6 GW
Biogas from biomass
96.5 MWe and 273 MWth
Biogas in Landfills
356 MWe
Hydropower
MWe
Geothermal
1-Direct uses : residential and District heating, Agricultural uses,
2-Further exploration in high thermal gradient areas (Azraq Basin)

20. II-CURRENT RE UTILIZATIONS
Solar Energy – Solar Water Heaters
12% in 2012 according to the last survey done by Department of Statistics (DOS). The total energy output was estimated at 380 GWh yearly.
the total savings in the primary energy was 61, 218 toe.
Assuming 24% penetration in the year 2020, The resulting energy savings are projected to be 760 GWh, or primary energy savings of toe.

21. Solar PV
 the total installed capacity was 0.5 MW in the year 2006, and 1.6 MW in Most of these units have been installed in the remote areas of Jordan, for the purpose of lighting, water pumping systems and have the capability of producing 3.21 GWh per year. Therefore, the savings in the primary energy is equivalent to 399 toe.
This is expected to rise to 100 MW in the year 2020, equivalent to GWh per year, or toe in saving primary energy.

22. Wind Energy
Two wind farms are in operation in the Northern Part of Jordan. The first was installed in Al-Ibrahemya in 1987 with a capacity of 320 kW. The second wind farm was installed in Hofa with a capacity of 1,125 kW. In 2006, the total capacity of these two wind farms was MW with output of 3.16 GWh per year, equivalent to 789 toe of primary energy mix).
It is expected that 500 MW will be available in 2020, with a capacity of GWh. This has a potential saving of 272,957 toe of primary energy.

23. Biogas
In 2006, the total installed capacity of bio-energy was about 3.5 MW in the Russaifa Biogas Plant, and Khirbit ALsamra WWTP has installed, 6.5 MW in 2011, working on digestion of waste water, a total of 10 MWe is the total installed capacity in the year Capable of producing GWh yearly. This has a potential primary energy equivalent savings of toe. The Jordan Bio–Gas Company (owned equally by CEGCO and Greater Amman Municipality) has continued to work on the organic waste treatment at the Rusaifa waste land fill.
In 2007, the volume of solid and liquid waste treated, reached around 5440 tons, and the amount of electricity generated was 9,494 MWh, The plant consists of two parts, the first part seeks to restrict and use the gas emissions from the Rusaifa landfill for generating energy, and the second part handles the organic waste treatment away from the source. The waste treatment takes place via a special reactor for producing the bio–gas and organic fertilizers.

24. Solid Biomass-Olive Cake
47203 tons of olive cake is generated every year with a rate of increase of 4.5% every year.
Used for direct firing for domestic heating, fueling boilers, and in cement industry.
The heat content in one kg of olive cake is equivalent to 0.46 kg of crude oil. The olive cake resources is equivalent to 21,241 t.o.e and saving toe in primary energy.

25. Hydropower
The King Talal Dam has a 10 MW capacity installation, and there is a small hydropower project in Aqaba Water Company,
The Khirbit Assamra WWTP installed 2 small micro hydro turbines of 3.5 MW at the inlet of the plant, to utilize the kinetic energy in waste water flows from the height difference between Amman and Zarqa cities.
the total capacity of hydropower is 13.5 MWe with output 101 GW.h/year which is potential saving of toe of primary energy.
Very small power plants could be developed in the urban water supply systems, but only for very small capacities. The only strong potential seems to be in the canal Red Sea – Dead Sea (600 MW), and in pumping storage in Al-Wehda Dam (200 MW).

26. Current and Future Installations of RE
The RE Contribution in 2012
The Expected RE Contribution in 2020
Sector
Capacity, MW
Produced Energy (GW.hr)
Produced Energy TOE
Primary Energy Saved (TOE)
Capacity, (MW)
Produced Energy (GWh)
Produced Energy, (TOE)
Savings in the Primary Energy (TOE)
Solar Water Heaters
158
380
5556
61218
316
760
65260
122436
Concentrated Solar Power(CSP)
100
182.5
15695
46162
Photovoltaic (PV)
1.6
3.21
137.6
399
45493
Biogas Thermal, CHP, MWth
15.7
117
10053
29141
78.5
50268
145704
Biogas Electricity, CHP, MWe 10
74.46
6404
18561 50
372.3
32018
276811
Solid Biomass 47 Kton dry/year
21,241
22359
31862
33539
Wind Energy
1.445
3.16
272
788.84
500
1095
94170
272957
Geothermal
Hydropower
13.5
101
8645
25057
8644.8
Total
200
678.26
157524
5698
968159
Percentage of Renewable Energy in the Total Energy Mix.
5.28%
2.11%
18.5%
10.7%

27. Conclusions
The country has a good potential of RE resources, especially the solar energy.
The country has drafted policies and regulations to promote technology deployment, (e.g. the renewable energy and EE has a national priority),
The country has ‘Enabling Environment’ to deploy the technology like:
The Existence of National Plans for R&D and Innovation,
Adequate Human and Financial Resources,
The Existence of RE & EE Labs.

28. Conclusions Solar/Wind Atlas GIS Model For Data Manipulation and Maps
Building Digital Solar/Wind Atlas for Jordan based on Satellite and Land Measurements for DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance), GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiance), and DHI (Diffused Horizontal Irradiance).
The development of new/more advanced models for assessing wind resources for wind farm development, wind turbine design, spatial planning, policy promotion, and other uses.

29. II- WATER Pumping Using Photovoltaic
in Remote Areas
Dr. Christina Class, INCOSOL 2012

30. ~100 PV Installations in Jordan
10 kWp/year
112.1 kWp Water Pumping
72.5 kWp Rural Electrification
21.6 kWp Telecomm.
27.2 kWp Brackish Water Desal.
Total kWp

31. Cost Items for a Diesel Pumping System
Land
Well digging
Well casing
Site preparation
Guard room
Site enclosure
Diesel Engine
Water pump
Water storage tank
Fuel storage tank
Installation
Piping
Inspection
Service
Fuel
Fuel transportation

32. Cost Items for a PV Pumping System
Land
Well digging
Well casing
Site preparation
Guard room
Site enclosure
Water storage tank
PV array
PV array foundation
PV array support structure
Cabling
PV array installation
Inverter
Piping
Submersible electric pump
Pump installation
Inspection
Service

33. Levelized Water Pumping Cost (LWC)

34. III- A Photovoltaic System for Small Scale Brackish Water Desalination in Remote Areas

35. Overview Introduction The System System Sizing Measurements
Economic Analysis
Conclusion

36. Introduction
PROJECT SITE

37. The System

38. Photovoltaic System Sizing
example: water pumping
altitude difference: 40 m
3 m3/h during 6 working hours
recovery rate (RO): 60 %  30 m3/day  3.27 kWh/day
taking into account efficiency of the inverter, motor, pump as well as charge and discharge loos rate  required daily output
taking into account the efficiency of the PV cells, the daily input is kWh/day
to retrieve the size of the PV array, we assume a solar radiation of 5.5 m2 / day
using the PV array size and panel area, maximum power delivered into load and a safety factor, we calculate the peak power of the PV generator

39. Overall Results Element Sizing Result PV Array 10.113 kWp
Battery Capacity
43.5 kWh
maximum PV charging current A
maximum rated AC power output
10.4 kVA

40. Measurements

41. Temperature and Solar Radiation in 2011

42. Temperature and Solar Radiation in 2011

43. Temperature and Solar Radiation on June 14th 2011

44. Efficiency Data

45. Economic Analysis PV System  2.33 JD / m3 Diesel system
capital investment and personnel costs
battery exchange every 7 years
inverter and charge controller exchange after 7 and 10 years resp
 2.33 JD / m3
Diesel system
capital investment and personnel costs
generator replacement after 5 years
filter exchange after 200 working hours
lubrication oil exchange 15 x per year
overhaul costs
Diesel incl transportation
 4.60 JD / m3

46. Summary
successful installation of a PV system for RO desalination of brackish water in the Jordan valley
has been running for 16 months
data collection started and will enable further research
economically very feasible approach but high initial investment costs

47. Thank you!