2. IntroductionAim of the studyLiterature ReviewMethod

3. The family has perhaps the greatest impact on individual development across all stages, influencing not only individual and family life, but also that of the community in which it is found “ The family has perhaps the greatest impact on individual development across all stages, influencing not only individual and family life, but also that of the community in which it is found,” (der Kinderen & Greeff, 2003, p. 86)

4. Families are increasingly facing unprecedented challenges socio-economic climate difficulty parents face in modelling the same environment and structure created by their own parents (Teachman et al. 2000). Effects : disrupted parental absence, single-income families, domestic and community violence, victimization owing to crime, substance abuse, teenage pregnancies (sexual health concerns), abuse in all its forms, unemployment and depression or apathy Families who are affected by these challenges further contribute to the perception of ‘unstable’ communities and the wider social sphere. Family stability the exception or norm? Background and Rationale

5.  Some thrive in spite of it all.  Some studies posit several factors for influencing this difference : personality variations, good parenting, social support, availability of adequate resources and family resilience  Family resilience is the ability of a familial unit to withstand and rebound from adversity (Walsh, 2003).  There is a dearth of contextually-based family practices which are successful in enhancing family resilience which could result in a supportive environment promoting optimal development

6.  The promotion and strengthening of family l ife is central to the overall stability and general wellbeing of South Africa and is linked to National Development Goals (DSD, 2013)  How are these challenges addressed?  Can we improve resilience within families?

7. The overall aim of the study is to develop a contextually- based programme designed to increase processes in strengthening family resilience along the West Coast The following objectives guide the study: Assess and explore family resilience in a community on the West Coast in order to identify family resilience needs. Conduct a systematic review to identify theoretical and best practice models of family programmes approach to strengthening families. Develop objectives for the design of the family resilience programme by using a Delphi Study Design a contextually-based family resilien ce programme for a community on the West Coast region

8. Flexible Connected Socio-eco resource support Shares clear & consistent messages Express emotions openly Effective problem-solving Making meaning of crises Maintaining a positive outlook Valuing transcendence and spirituality FAMILY RESILIENCE BELIEF SYSTEMS ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS COMMUNICATION PROCESSES

9.  There are three components which typically characterise PAR: › the shared ownership of research projects; › community-based analysis of social problems › a vision of community action (Kemmis & McTaggart, 2008). ›  practical, collaborative, reactive and emancipatory (Kemmis & McTaggart, 2008).  Community members will be involved from the assessment to the design and development of the programme

10. Entails using knowledge obtained from the literature as well as key stakeholders to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention in five stages (van Oostrom et al. 2007): Stage 1: Defining specific intervention objectives Stage 2 : Select suitable theoretical methods and practical strategies Stage 3: Designing a programme plan Stage 4 & 5 : Design an implementation and evaluation plan

11. PHASE 1 Assessment of resilience of the families of Lambert’s Bay PHASE 2 Systematic Review of programme development strategies PHASE 3 Development of the objectives programme using the Delphi Design a contextually-based family resilience programme

12. Assessment of resilience of the families of Lambert’s Bay Explanatory mixed method sequential design Stage 1: defining specific intervention objectives Review of programme development strategies Systematic Review Stage 2: select suitable theoretical methods and practical strategies Development of the objectives and design of the programme Delphi Method Stage 3: Designing a programme plan Stage 4: Stage 5

13. Quantitative:Quantitative: Participants: Simple random sampling Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) Analysis SPSS: descriptives, cross-tabulations and means analysis Qualitative:Qualitative: Participants, collection & analysis Focus groups stakeholders community members adolescents Thematic analysis PHASE 1 Assessment of resilience of the families of Lambert’s Bay Explanatory mixed methods sequential design

14. The aim is to systematically review studies which describe strategies/models/methods used for family-based programme development and assess its methodological rigour. PsychArticles, Sabinet, Sage and Wiley treatment and/or prevention and interventions studies in which family programmes were developed PHASE 2 Systematic Review of programme development strategies Systematic review

15. Objective 3: Delphi panelObjective 3: Delphi panel: Practitioners and researchers who have experience in the field of child and family psychology and family resilience Based on their bibliography To be emailed in three rounds until consensus is reached on the objectives of the programme Statistical analysis of results will occur after each Delphi Round Objective 4: Workshops: Two workshops with key community stakeholders as well as community members Workshop 1: Reach consensus around programme development Workshop 2: Finalization and handover of programme from workshop 1. PHASE 3 Designing the programme Delphi Study

16. Appropriate ethics clearance obtained Informed consent Anonymity & Confidentiality Focus group confidentiality Participants may withdraw from the study at any time Ethics considerations