1. Memory: Encoding & Storage

2. Information Processing
Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory and c) long-term memory.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

3. Information Processing
a) sensory memory-immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

4. Information Processing
b) short-term memory-activated memory that hold a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

5. Information Processing
b) short-term memory-activated memory that hold a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

6. Information Processing
c) long-term memory-relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

7. Modifications to the Three-Stage Model
Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.
Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

8. Information Processing
What is special about working memory?
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

9. Working Memory Store
What happens if you need to keep information in working memory longer than 30 seconds?
To demonstrate, memorize the following phone number (presented one digit at a time):

10. Working Memory Store 8 5 7 9 1 6 3

11. Working Memory Store
What is the number?
The number lasted in your working memory longer than 30 seconds
So how were you able to remember the number?

12. Maintenance Rehearsal
Mental or verbal repitition of information allows it to stay in your working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
What is the number?

13. Encoding: Getting Information in

14. Encoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.
However novel information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.

15. Enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly by us, like:
Automatic Processing
Enormous amount of information is processed effortlessly by us, like:
Space: While reading a textbook you automatically encode place of a picture on a page.
Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.
Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you.

16. Effortful Processing
Novel information committed to memory requires effort, like learning a concept from a text. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
© Bananastock/ Alamy

17. Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
( )

18. Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to relearn them on Day 2.

19. Memory Effects
Next-in-line-Effect: When your recall is better for what other people say but poor for a person just before you in line.
Spacing Effect: We retain information better when our rehearsal is distributed over time.
Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items, but poor for middle items on a list.

20. Serial Position Effect
TUV
ZOF
GEK
WAV
XOZ
TIK
FUT
WIB
SAR
POZ
REY
GIJ
Better recall
Poor recall

21. Memory Demo
Handout 27-1

22. What We Encode Encoding by meaning Encoding by images
Encoding by organization

23. Encoding Meaning “Whale” Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter?
Structural
Encoding
Shallow
Q: Did the word rhyme
with the word
“weight”?
Phonemic
Encoding
Intermediate
Q: Would the word fit
in the sentence?
He met a __________
in the street.
Semantic
Encoding
Deep
Craik and Lockhart (1972)

24. Results

25. Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
Showing adverse effects of meth use
in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

26. Storage: Retaining Information
Sensory Memory
Working/Short-term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Storing Memories in the Brain

27. Déja Vu means "I've experienced this before.”
Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.

28. Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.
water
smell
hose
Fire Truck
fire
smoke
truck
heat
red

29. Storage: Retaining Information
the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of memory are :
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

30. Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Events
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

31. Sensory Memory Iconic memory—few tenths of a second
Events
Echoic memory—3 or 4 seconds

32. Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Events
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

33. Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Events
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

34. Rajan Mahadevan recited 31, 811 digits of pi on July 4th, 1983
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited! Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information.
Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter & spring.
Rajan Mahadevan recited 31, 811 digits of pi on July 4th, 1983

35. Hippocampus ≠ Cerebellum
Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic
system that processes explicit memories.
Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.

36. What is the capital of Kyirblahkyrstan?
Explicit Memories
Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
What is the capital of Kyirblahkyrstan?

37. Hippocampus ≠ Cerebellum
Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic
system that processes explicit memories.
Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories.

38. Implicit Memories
Implicit memory involves learning an action, but the individual doesn’t know/declare what she knows.

39. Two Types of Long-Term Memory

40. Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress can disrupt memory.