1. PERIOD 3 JEOPARDY (600-1450 CE) BY: KARA, LEIGH-ANN, AND CODY

2. CATEGORIES 1. Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks 2.Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

3. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS

4. This existing land route started in East Asia and traveled all the way to Western Europe. It began during the Han Dynasty. The bubonic plague, luxurious goods, and many other items were transported along this trade route.

5. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the Silk Road?

6. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS These water trade routes promoted the growth of the Byzantine Empire and the Italian City- States. These trade routes brought about the Hanseatic League. Improved ship technology increased the volume of trade on these trade routes.

7. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are the Mediterranean sea routes?

8. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS These land trade routes brought cities into the developing world by allowing their cities to economically grow, and increased the popularity of African cities. They traded valuable items such as slaves, gold, and salt.

9. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are the Trans-Saharan trade routes?

10. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS These water trade routes allowed for the growth of powerful port cities. Not only did these trade routes transport goods such as gold and other luxury items, but ideology and religion were also transmitted, especially Hinduism and Buddhism.

11. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are Indian Ocean Basin trade routes?

12. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Horse collars, harnesses, Viking longships, and caravels are all examples of the this thing. This thing caused an increase in the volume of trade all over the world.

13. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are improved trade technologies?

14. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This new trading city was founded as a trading post and was the largest Russian town on the gulf of Finland. It never fully joined the Hanseatic league, but in 1259 they established a trading post there, which participated in most of the Baltic trade. This eliminated the need for ships to take the dangerous route around Scandinavia.

15. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is Novgorod as a new trading city?

16. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS These trade routes developed during this time period and expanded rapidly. Things from food, such as corn or squash, to raw materials, such as stone, were traded. This trade allowed empires to expand vastly, although these empires were never very tightly controlled.

17. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are trade routes in Mesoamerica and the Andes?

18. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This thing was made possible by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies. Some of these increased technologies include: better caravan organization, compass, astrolabe, larger and better ship designs in sea travel, and new forms of credit and monetization. These innovations allowed people to travel greater distances.

19. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the growth of interregional trade in luxury goods?

20. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This traded item was traded along the silk road and highly valued by Europeans. A lot of this traded item came from India, but China and the rest if East Asia produced this desired good as well. Europeans paid a lot of money for this item, which did help the East Asian economies.

21. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are spices as luxury goods?

22. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This new example of caravan organization was a roadside inn along trade routes where traverlers could rest in safety.

23. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is a caravanserai?

24. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This new form of monetization allowed ease for merchants, as they did not have to carry with them as many different types of currency. Weighing currency was no longer necessary as this thing made exchanges much easier.

25. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are bills of exchange?

26. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This state-sponsored commercial infrastructure promoted commercial growth in China. It allowed trade and travel within the country to be much more quick and efficient.

27. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the grand canal?

28. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This new state practice allowed merchants to not carry around with them heavy currency like coins. It also eliminated the weighing portion of a transaction. States created this to promote trade within the country, and with other countries as well.

29. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is paper money?

30. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This trade organization allowed the fostering of commercial growth by allowing merchants to all come together and be one unit. This organization dominated the coast of Northern Europe. It was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited.

31. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the Hanseatic League?

32. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This group of people dominated Eurasia and was the largest contiguous land empire in human history. It existed in the 13 th and 14 th century CE. This group of people created the Yuan Dynasty in China. They were very militaristic.

33. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Who are the Mongols?

34. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Arabs and Berbers adapted these to travel across and around the Sahara. These worked very well in the desert and allowed travel to go much faster, since they did not have to stop as frequently.

35. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are camels?

36. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This diffusion of language occurred because of increased trade contracts in a region where this contact before was not present before. This language belongs to a nomadic tribe, so ass they traveled, their language and culture diffused.

37. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the spread of Bantu languages, like Swahili?

38. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS As the coastal trade and shipping of India came to be controlled (from the 8th century onward) increasingly by this group of merchants from such regions as Gujarat and various parts of south India, elements of this group’s culture began to filter into island Southeast Asia.

39. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are Muslim Merchants in the Indian Ocean?

40. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Mainly by trading and exchanging beliefs. This group of merchants also helped Southeast Asia from time to time because Magellan's voyage records that Brunei possessed more cannons than the European ships so it appears that this group of merchants fortified them.

41. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are Chinese Merchants in Southeast Asia?

42. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This group of merchants became dominant as traveling merchants, occupying a key position along the ancient Silk Road. Their language became the common language of the Silk Route and they played a role in the cultural movements of philosophies and religion, such as Manicheism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism into the east as well as the movement of items of trade. They dominated trade along the Silk Route from the 2nd century BC until the 10th century AD.

43. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are Sogdian merchants in Central Asia?

44. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This person was a Muslim man who traveled first to the Muslim world, but then he traveled to Asia, and then a part of Europe. He came from a culture that was not open to other cultures, and so he may have misinterpreted the cultures that he saw. Also, when he brought back his writings, his culture was still not open to other cultures, and he may have needed to modify things to be accepted back in his home place.

45. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Who is Ibn Battuta?

46. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This man was a traveling man who had come from a culture not open to ideas. He was a European man who traveled to central Asia, and his writings introduced Europe to the cultures of central Asia. However, since he came from a culture that was not so open, his writings would have possibly been skewed by the beliefs that had been bestowed upon him since birth.

47. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Who is Marco Polo?

48. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This man was another man who traveled to different parts of the world. He traveled from his home country of china to India. He described the interaction between china and India, as well as the cultures he experienced. He was also from a culture that was not open to new ideas, and may have not been unbiased in his findings. When he returned, his culture may not have been as accepting as he had hoped.

49. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Who is Xuanzang?

50. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Two societies mathematics influenced a culture groups scholars in multiple ways. First, the Indians thought of the idea of zero, and the this society had much of geometry. This cultures scholars combined these materials and Babylonian material in order to develop algebra. Next, we have irrational numbers as the next part of influence. This society had discovered irrational numbers, but were not happy with them. In the this societies view, irrational numbers could only be handled geometrically. This cultures mathematicians allowed irrational quantities to appear in algebra. Finally, solving third degree equations was another point of influence. This society had used a method for solving third degree equations that this cultures mathematicians adopted. They then took it further in order to solve all positive roots. Hint: (This society) and (this society) influenced (this cultures) mathematics.

51. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the Greek and Indian Mathematics influence Muslim Scholars?

52. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS This crop came to be grown in Africa by, sea trade routes, the Silk Road and this countries climate. After the domestication of this crop, they would have been traded along the sea trade routes, the eastern coast of this country is on these routes and this crop could have arrived this way. This crop would have also been traded along the Silk Road and could have ended up in this country that way. Where this crop were domesticated was in New Guinea, this climate is similar to this country’s and so this crop could have easily been grown there.

53. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are bananas grown in Africa?

54. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS Some of the things that led to this crop in this place were the topography, environment, and climate changes. Topography would have led to this crop because they would have different growing environments, as in more or less water around them, or soil types. The environment around them would also develop this crop by changing the conditions in which they would grow in and when they would need to be harvested. Climate changes would completely change the environment and therefore the conditions they grow in forcing changes in the crop.

55. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What are new rice varieties in East Asia?

56. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS There three crops spread though these two regions by spreading along the sea lanes, the climates necessary to grow them and they became affordable because of the ease of growing. They spread along the Mediterranean Sea lanes, as trade items. Where ever they ended up around the this region it would have been easy to grow because of the common climate along the this region. Because of this these crops would have become cheap because of how many people could grow them.

57. EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS What is the Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin?

58. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS

59. This played a key role in the power of the Byzantine Empire, just like the Roman Empire. The emperor was viewed as the messenger of this, which was a pattern set by Eusebius of Caesarea, but this was just like emperor Constantine in the later Roman Empire. The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties used this as a source of power by, having a rise in neo Confucianism, state supported charity donations to the poor, and using people’s belief in self-sacrifice. With the rise in neo Confucianism, the emperor had more loyal subjects to do his bidding as taught by Confucianism, ruler to ruled. They used state supported charity funds to win converts from Buddhism to neo Confucianism. And people believed in self sacrifices, the state used this in their fight to win converts and wars against invaders.

60. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS What is religion as a traditional sources of power and legitimacy?

61. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS The Byzantine Empire improved this by, taking surplus, redistributing it, and putting it to use in public works. The Byzantine Empire would take surplus money from the economy, thus stopping inflation. Then they would redistribute the surplus to state officials, the Roman Empire would also do this. Or instead of giving it to state officials they would use the surplus to fund public work projects. So though taking the surplus though this they improved their economy and the all around public life.

62. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS What are improved methods of Taxation?

63. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS The Abbasid government represented a return to the principles of government in the first days of the orthodox calendar.

64. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS What are changes in government of Islamic states?

65. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS This is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered by another local government. This thing often shares languages, government, religious beliefs, and ways of life with others of its king around it, as they are usually related to one another.

66. CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION OF STATE FORMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS What is a city-state?