2. Breathing Basics Bigger Breaths Breathing for Speech

3. Expiration Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals Inspiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Accessory Muscles Accessory Muscles?

4. Abdominal Muscles: down and out Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Inspiration

5. Sternocleidomastoid Origins: manubrium of sternum and clavicle Unite and course upward Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone Contract: when head is fixed, bilateral contraction elevates sternum, clavicle, ribcage Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5086/

6. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Scalenus Origin: cervical vertebrae Insertion: ribs 1 & 2 Contract: raises ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5270/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5267/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5262/

7. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Levatores costarum Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae Insertion: rib below origin Contract: elevate ribs (similar to external intercostals) http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5238/

8. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Serratus anterior Origin: ribs Insertion: scapula Contract: elevates ribs Serratus posterior superior Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae Insertion: upper ribs Contract: elevates ribs Serratus posterior inferior Origin: thoracic/lumbar vertebrae Insertion: lower ribs Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5505/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5285/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5284/

9. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16. Transversus thoracis Origin: lower sternum Insertion: upper ribs Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5289/

10. Expiration Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals Inspiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid Scalenus Levatores Costarum Serratus Posterior Inferior Transversus Thoracis Serratus: Anterior & Posterior Superior

11. Breathing Basics Bigger Breaths Breathing for Speech

12. Tidal breathing excursion: 10% VC Inspiration for conversation: 60% VC Inspiration for loud reading: 80% VC Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.

13. Measured in cm H 2 O Sustained vowel: 6 cm H 2 O Conversation: 3-20 cm H 2 O Loud yell: 80 cm H 2 O Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 34.

14. Boyle’s Law: PV = constant

15. How do we maintain the same expiratory pressure for speech when lung volumes are changing? Passive forces Muscle effort starts at 55% VC Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 91.

16. Muscle contractions oppose relaxation pressure with desired pressure as the end result Relaxation pressure – Subglottal pressure = Amount of muscle activity 55% VC relaxation pressure maintains subglottal pressure Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 92.

17. Larynx Houses the vocal folds Vocal folds Valve air Protective mechanism Paradoxical Vocal Fold Movement (PVFM) or Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) http://www.homebusinessandfamilylife.com/larynx.htmlhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/normal-vocal-cords glottis

18. Measured in cm H 2 O Sustained vowel: 6 cm H 2 O Conversation: 3-20 cm H 2 O Loud yell: 80 cm H 2 O Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 34.

19. Clavicular: shoulders move up and down during breathing Thoracic: balance of movement during breathing between the thoracic and abdominal regions Diaphragmatic (Abdominal): most of the movement during breathing occurs in the abdominal area

20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYPv69FEK2M