1. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 2: The Body and Its Terminology

2. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency Study of human body involves scientific names for structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear communication Medical terminology is needed for understanding pathologies and scientific research

3. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Orientation to the Body Anatomic position: standard body reference position used to navigate anatomical terminology

4. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Body planes: used to describe location and position of structures (see Figure 2-2) –Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into right and left –Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or part into front and back –Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides body or part into top and bottom

5. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Directional terms clearly communicate position of one body part in relation to another –Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the left nostril” Directional terms are easier to understand and remember in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)

6. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Directional Terms TermDefinition anterior (ventral)front posterior (dorsal)back lateralfarther from midline medialcloser to midline superior (cephalad)above; closer to head inferior (caudal)below; closer to feet

7. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Directional Terms (cont’d) TermDefinition proximalcloser to attachment point distalfarther from attachment point superficialcloser to the surface deepfarther from the surface contralateralopposite side of the median ipsilateralon same side of the median

8. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Movement terminology describes how structures move in general and in relation to other parts –Movements on frontal plane move toward (adduction) or away from (abduction) midline –Movements on transverse plane move toward (horizontal adduction) or away from (horizontal abduction) midline –Movements on sagittal plane move toward front (flexion) or back (extension)

9. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movement Terminology Abduction and adduction

10. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movement Terminology (cont’d) Horizontal abduction and adduction

11. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movement Terminology (cont’d) Flexion and extension

12. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Movement Terminology (cont’d) Rotation and circumduction

13. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Common Anatomical Terminology Understanding terms important for study of body Anatomical terminology describes location and relative position of structures more precisely Manual therapists use medical language to communicate with health care community

14. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes Knowing common word parts makes it easier to understand complex terms See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual therapies

15. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Regions Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of body more precisely See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common terms referring to body regions Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular, lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar

16. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Cavities Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior) - see Figure 2-11 Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and pelvis) –Quadrant method and nine-region method used to subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12) Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

17. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pathology Classifications and Terminology Pathology: study of disease Manual therapists should know commonly used classifications and terminology See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms –Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication, diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom

18. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Classifications of Disease Diseases broadly classified by causes: –Infectious Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) –Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke) –Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia) –Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)