Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update

Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update 2009.07.17 1.5.0
Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Copyright 2005-2009 Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D. www.chipps.com
Objectives Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Tables Population
For the router to be able to handle arriving frames, entries must be made into the routing table Entries in a routing table can be generated in three ways Directly connected routes Static routes Dynamic routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Directly Connected Routes
When a data line exists When a cable is connected between the demarc of that data line and an interface of the router When the data line is active When the interface on the router is activated A directly connected route is added to the routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Directly Connected Routes

Static Routes When the administrator uses the ip route command to add a route to the routing table Static routes are used when The internetwork is small, may seldom change, or has no redundant links The routers need to use dial backup to dynamically call another router when a leased line fails Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Routes An enterprise internetwork has many small branch offices, each with only one possible path to reach the rest of the internetwork An enterprise wants to forward packets to hosts in the Internet, not to hosts in the enterprise network Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Result of Using a Static Route

Dynamic Routes When a routing protocol is activated on the router When other routers running the same routing protocol talk to each other Then the routes know by the other routers are added to the routing table as dynamic routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Table Entries The command show ip route shows the routing table Each of these methods of entering routes in the routing table has an indicator associated with it C for directly connected networks S for static routes R for routes learned through the RIP routing protocol as an example of a dynamic route Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Two Ways to Look at Protocols
Routing Protocols Routed Protocols Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

What is a Routing Protocol
These are network layer protocols that are responsible for path determination and traffic switching These have to do with the actual routes the packets take and how that path is calculated These protocols include RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

What is a Routing Protocol

What is a Routed Protocol
These protocols are routed by the routing protocols They are concerned with the construction and transport of the data itself regardless of how it arrives at its destination When the OSI model talks about encapsulation, this is what it is referring to Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

These cover all 7 layers of the OSI model These protocols contain enough information in the fields in their headers that allow the packet to be routed from one network to another by the routing protocol Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static v Dynamic Routing
Static routes, as we will see, are entered from the keyboard and do not require routing protocols Dynamic routes are created by routing protocols Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static routing consists of entries made into the routing table in the router by the network administrator prior to the beginning of routing These entries do not change unless the network administrator alters them Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

This method works well in environments where network traffic is relatively predictable and where network design is relatively simple Because static routing systems cannot react to network changes, they generally are considered unsuitable for today's large, changing networks Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Whereas dynamic routing protocols can adjust to changing network circumstances by analyzing incoming routing update messages If the message indicates that a network change has occurred, the routing software recalculates routes and sends out new routing update messages Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

These messages permeate the network, stimulating routers to rerun their algorithms and change their routing tables accordingly Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic routing protocols usually have one or more of the following design goals Optimality Low overhead Robustness Flexibility Rapid convergence Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Protocol Optimality
Optimality refers to the capability of the routing protocol to select the best route, which depends on the metrics and metric weightings used to make the calculation Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Protocol Overhead
Low overhead refers to simple and efficient overhead Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Protocol Robustness
Routing protocols must be robust, which means that they should perform correctly in the face of unusual or unforeseen circumstances, such as hardware failures, high load conditions, and incorrect implementations Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Protocol Flexibility
Routing protocols should also be flexible, which means that they should quickly and accurately adapt to a variety of network circumstances Assume, for example, that a network segment has gone down As they become aware of the problem, many routing protocols will quickly select the next-best path for all routes normally using that segment Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Protocol Convergence
Routing protocols must converge rapidly, which is a process of agreement, by all routers, on optimal routes When a network event causes routes either to go down or become available, routers distribute routing update messages that permeate networks, stimulating recalculation of optimal routes and eventually causing all routers to agree Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing protocols that converge slowly can cause routing loops or network outages An example of the need for rapid convergence is seen in the use of distance vector protocols Routers using routing protocols based on the distance vector method receive their neighbor’s routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Using this they build a network map This approach to learning can cause problems such as routing loops and counts to infinity Routing loops can occur if the internetwork is slow to converge on a new configuration after a route fails This situation will produce inconsistent entries in the router tables Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Let’s organize the different types of routing protocols and then discuss each one Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Intradomain or Interior Interdomain or Exterior Distance Vector Link State Path Vector Standard Proprietary HELLO 1 IGRP1 OSPF NLSP1 EGP1 RIP V11 EIGRP IS-IS BGP RIP V2 1 No Longer Used Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used HELLO The original NSFnet backbone consisted of six Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11 computers located across the United States These computers ran special software colloquially called fuzzball that enabled them to function as routers These fuzzball routers connected various networks to the NSFnet and the ARPAnet Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used The six NSFnet routers worked as an autonomous system and like any AS, used an interior routing protocol to exchange routing information The routing protocol used in these early routers was called the HELLO protocol It was developed in the early 1980s and documented in RFC 891 published December 1983 Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used The name HELLO is capitalized, but is not an acronym; it simply refers to the word hello, since the protocol uses messages that are sort of analogous to the routers talking to each other The HELLO protocol uses a distance-vector algorithm, like the RIP Unlike RIP, HELLO does not use hop count as a metric Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used Instead, it attempts to select the best route by assessing network delays and choosing the path with the shortest delay One of the key jobs of routers using HELLO is to compute the time delay to send and receive datagrams to and from its neighbors On a regular basis, routers exchange HELLO messages that contain clock and timestamp information Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used By comparing the clock value and timestamp in the message to its own clock using a special algorithm, a receiving device can compute an estimate for the amount of time it takes to send a datagram over the link HELLO messages also contain routing information in the form of a set of destinations that the sending router is able to reach and a metric for each Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used However in this case, the metric is an estimate of the round-trip delay cost for each destination This information is added to the computed round-trip delay time for the link over which the message was received, and used to update the receiving router's own routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used RIP Version1 This version of RIP only supports FLSM based on address classes As address classes no longer exist version 1 is useless Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used IGRP With the deployment of EIGRP and OSPF there is no longer any need for IGRP Therefore, no one uses it any longer Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used NLSP NLSP - NetWare Link Services Protocol is a link-state routing protocol in the Novell NetWare architecture NLSP is based on the OSI IS-IS or Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System protocol and was designed to replace IPX RIP and SAP, Novell's original routing protocols that were designed for small scale internetworks Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used Compared to RIP and SAP, NLSP provides improved routing, better efficiency, and scalability As no one uses NetWare anymore, no one uses NLSP any longer Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used EGP EGP – Exterior Gateway Protocol was the first routing protocol used to allow autonomous systems to talk to each other It was developed in 1982 by Eric C. Rosen and David L. Mills It was first formally described in RFC 827 and formally specified in RFC 904 in 1984 EGP is no longer used Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

No Longer Used BGP - Border Gateway Protocol is now the accepted standard for Internet routing and has essentially replaced the more limited EGP Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Interior and Exterior Protocols
What is the difference between the various classes of routing protocols Where are exterior and interior protocols used Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Interior and Exterior Protocols

Intradomain v Interdomain
Some routing protocols work only within domains Others work between domains A domain in these terms is an autonomous system, which is a group of routers under a single administrative control Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

The nature of these two types of routing protocols is different In that the intradomain routing protocols are concerned with talking to only their close relatives Whereas interdomain routing protocols are concerned with talking to strangers Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Using these two types enables the organization to control the type and amount of outside traffic that comes in and goes out of its network The terms are also expressed as interior – intradomain and exterior – interdomain Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Distance Vector Protocols
A distance vector protocol is so named because its routes are advertised as vectors - distance and direction - where distance is defined in terms of a metric and direction is defined in terms of the next hop router These, known as Bellman-Ford protocols, call for each router to send all or some its routing table, but only to its neighbors Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

In this arrangement each router depends on its neighbors for information, which its neighbors may have learned from their neighbors, and so on An individual router has no way of knowing if the information in the routing table it receives is accurate These routers just believe everything they hear Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

As such distance vector routing protocols are sometimes referred to as routing by rumor A typical distance vector routing protocol uses a routing algorithm in which routers periodically send routing updates to all neighbors by broadcasting their entire routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

In this case periodically means to transmit on a regular schedule Neighbors are those routers at the other end of a data line The originating router sends its update to this neighbor It expects the neighbor to send the information on to that router's neighbors, and so on Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

This update includes everything the router knows In other words its entire routing table with a few exceptions is sent out Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols The information that a distance vector protocol has available has been likened to a road sign That is it is just one more step on the journey Whereas the information available to a link state protocol is more like a road map Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols A link state routing protocol cannot be easily fooled into making a bad routing decision because - with the map - it has a complete picture of the network This is because link state routers have first hand information from all of their peer routers, those that speak the same routing protocol Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols Each of these routers originates information about itself, its directly connected links, and the state of those links This information is passed around from router to router, each router making a copy, but no router changing the information How does this all work Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Concepts Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols Like this Each router establishes a relationship - an adjacency - with each of its neighbors Each router sends link state advertisements to each neighbor One link state advertisement is created for each of the router's links, identifying the link, the state of the link, the metric cost of the link, and the neighbors that are connected to the link Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols Each router receiving this information in turns forwards it to its neighbors Each router stores the link state advertisements it has received in a database Since all routers receive all link state advertisements, all routers have the same information The algorithm for the routing protocol is then applied to the information in the link state database to create a routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Dijkstra Algorithm Link-state protocols use the Dijkstra SPF - Shortest Path First algorithm to calculate and add routes to the IP routing table The SPF algorithm calculates all the possible routes to each destination network, and the cumulative metric for the entire path Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Dijkstra Algorithm Each router views itself as the starting point, and each subnet as the destination, and use the SPF algorithm to look at the LSDB - Link State Database to create a roadmap and pick the best route to each subnet Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Characteristics of Link State
The main features of link-state routing protocols All routers learn the same detailed information about the states of all the router links in the internetwork The individual pieces of topology information are called LSAs, with all LSAs stored in RAM in the LSDB Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routers flood LSAs when they are created, on a regular but long time interval if the LSAs do not change over time, and immediately when an LSA changes The LSDB does not contain routes, but it does contain information that can be processed by the Dijkstra SPF algorithm to find a router’s best routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Each router runs the SPF algorithm, with the LSDB as input, resulting in the best - lowest cost - routes being added to the IP routing table Link-state protocols converge quickly by immediately reflooding LSAs and rerunning the SPF algorithm Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link-state protocols consume much more RAM and CPU than do distance vector routing protocols If the internetwork changes a lot, link-state protocols can also consume much more bandwidth due to the relative to distance vector protocols large number of bytes of information in each LSA Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Metrics Routing protocols use metrics to determine the best or optimal route The following metrics are often used Path Length Reliability Delay Bandwidth Load Cost Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Metrics Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing Metric Components

Example Routing Metrics

Administrative Distance
A single router may learn routes from many different sources For example, from static routes and from running multiple routing protocols When a router learns more than one route to the same subnet, from different sources, the router needs to decide which route is best and then add that route to the IP routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Because each routing protocol uses a different metric, a router cannot use the metric to determine which route is the best route When choosing between multiple routes to the same destination but learned from different sources, the router picks the route with the lowest administrative distance Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

The administrative distance is a number assigned to all the possible sources of routing information, routing protocols and static routes included Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Default Distance Values

The administrative distance is shown by issuing the show ip route command The show ip route command output lists the administrative distance for most routes, with the notable exception of connected routes, which default to an administrative distance of 0 The example shown next shows the output of the show ip route rip command Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

The output highlights the administrative distance for the one RIP route known on router R1, which defaults to RIP’s setting of 120 Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Multiple Equal Cost Routes
A single router may learn several routes to the same subnet, but the metrics may tie These routes are typically called equal-cost routes When this occurs, the router uses the following logic to choose which route to add to its routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

It can add up to four of the routes to the routing table, which is the default The number of equal-cost routes added to the routing table can be changed to between one and six by using the maximum-path number command as a subcommand of the routing protocol After routes are added to the routing table, the router then load-balances the traffic over various routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Populating Routing Tables
Let’s now look a little closer at the details of the two ways of populating routing tables Static Routes Dynamic Routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Routes To use static routes an entry is made directly into the router's routing table from the command line of the router's operating system For example, to make such an entry into the routing table of a Cisco router the following is done Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Routes At the enable level routername#config terminal routername(config)#ip route S0 routername#CTRL Z This is read as follows The command is ip route The IP address is the address to be entered into the table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Routes Next is a subnet mask to identify the network portion of the IP address Last is the address of the directly connected interface of the next hop router In this case out serial port 0 The above is done for all routes at each router This method is used for two main reasons Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Routes The first is it is all that is needed for a private network in a hub and spoke arrangement The second reason is security If no information is exchanged with any outside entity, it is less likely that anyone will be able to determine the extent and layout of your network Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Default Route There is a special kind of static route that is used when an entry cannot be found in the routing table for the network of interest This special type of static route is also used on stub networks when there is no other way out of the network In this case every packet that does not belong on the LAN is sent out to the default route Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Default Route When a router receives a packet whose network address is not found in the router’s IP routing table, the router discards the packet, unless a default route has been configured A default route tells a router where to send packets that do not match any of that router’s other IP routes Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Default Route Default routes can be most useful in two major cases In routers that have only one possible physical path to forward packets to the rest of the internetwork To route packets to the Internet, when there is a single connection to the Internet For example in the diagram that follows Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Default Route Each branch office has one router, with the only link back to the headquarters The enterprise network also has one link to an ISP for its Internet connection Configuring of static default route is similar for both cases On branch router R1, the command would be as follows ip route S0/0 Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Static Default Route Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Gateway of Last Resort This type of route is also called a gateway of last resort, since without a default route, a router discards packets whose destination address does not match the router’s routing table Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Floating Static Routes
A floating static route is a static route that the administrator wants to be used some of the time The term floating comes from the idea that the static route leaves the routing table under some conditions and comes back into the routing table under other conditions Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Floating Static Routes
Floating static routes can be very useful for dial backup, using the following logic When a WAN connection is up, the router should ignore the static route and instead use the routes learned by the routing protocol These routes will forward packets out the permanent WAN connection When the permanent WAN connection is down, use the statically defined route that sends traffic over the dial backup link Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Advertising Default Routes
In some cases, it makes sense to distribute a default route throughout an internetwork Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

For example in the diagram that follows All routers in the enterprise internetwork learn about all subnets of Class B network via RIP Router R-core defines a static default route pointing to the Internet Router R-core advertises a default route to the rest of the routers in the enterprise Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Dynamic Routes Unlike static routes, which point one way and only one way, a dynamic routing protocol can compensate for changes in the network without someone having to go to the command line of each router and make the change There are only a few major routing protocols that can do this work for you Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Dynamic Routes Of course all the routers must speak the same language for this to work Recall as well that dynamic routing protocols fall into two general classes Distance Vector Link State Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Distance vector routing protocols include RIP – Routing Information Protocol EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Link State Protocols Link state routing protocols include OSPF – Open Shortest Path First IS-IS – Intermediate System to Intermediate System Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Path Vector Protocols The final type is the path vector sort, of which there is only one Border Gateway Protocol Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Which One to Use Cisco will spend more time on the routing protocols they invented or prefer In the real world the two main interior routing protocols are OSPF OSPF is used by both Cisco only and mixed vendor shops EIGRP EIGRP is used by Cisco only operations Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Which One to Use There is a reasonable amount of RIP in use still IGRP is rarely used, but is seen in small operations IS-IS is used by some ISPs and the like Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Review What is the difference between static and dynamic routing What is the difference between distance vector and link state routing protocols What dynamic routing protocols are commonly used Copyright Kenneth M. Chipps Ph.D.

Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Routing and Routing Protocols Last Update"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback