1. Tumors of the stomach and duodenum

2. INTRODUCTION - STOMACH
Benign
Polyps
Hyperplastic
Fundic gland
Neoplastic
Multiple
Tumors
Leiomyomas
Lipomas
Heterotopic pancreas
Malignant
Tumors
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Carcinoid
Others
Menetriers Disease
Bezoar
Volvulus

3. GASTRIC POLYPS Hyperplastic polyps
Most common type of polyp (65 – 90%)
Inflammatory or regenerative polyps
In reaction to chronic inflammation or regenerative hyperplasia
Often found in HP infections
Sessile and seldom pedunculated
Mostly in the antrum
Multiple in 50% of cases
Varying in size but seldom < 2cm
Rate of malignant transformation 1 – 3%
Usually larger than 2 cm

4. GASTRIC POLYPS Fundic Gland Small elisions in the fundus
Hyperplasia of the normal fundic glands
Often associated with FAP
Therefore important as a marker for disease elsewhere in the GIT tract

5. GASTRIC POLYPS Neoplastic polyps Types Macroscopically Treatment
Tubular
Villous (often larger - > 2cm - and malignant)
Macroscopically
More often in antrum
Pedunculated with malignant potential
Solitary, large and ulcerated
Treatment
Endoscopic removal if no malignancy identified with surveillance
Excision with malignant focus or where endoscopic removal failed

6. GASTRIC POLYPS Multiple gastric polyps Rare condition Treatment
Adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps
20% incidence f adenocarcinoma
Treatment
If confined to corpus and antrum – distal gastrectomy
Otherwise total gastrectomy
Sometimes associated with Polyposis syndromes
FAP
Gardner
Peutz-Jeghers
Cowden
Cronkhite Canada

7. GASTRIC LEIOMYOMA Incidence of 16% at autopsy Pathology
Arise from smooth muscle of the GIT tract
Difficult to distinguish from GIST
75% benign
Differentiation only on mitotic index
Large protruding elisions with central ulcer
Usually presents with bleeding if at all
Treatment is local excision with 2 – 3cm margin

8. GASTRIC LIPOMA Rare subcutaneous lesions Pillow sign Asymptomatic
On routine endoscopy
Require no treatment
Pillow sign

9. HETEROTOPIC PANCREAS Ectopic pancreas Rarely larger than 4 cm
Most common found in stomach
Within 6 cm from the pylorus
Also in Meckl’s diverticulum
Rarely larger than 4 cm
Sessile and rubbery
Submucosal in location
Histological identical to normal pancreas

10. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Declining incidence in western world
HP associated due to chronic atrophic gastritis
Also related to
Low dietary intake vegetables and fruit
High dietary intake of starches
More common in males ( 3 : 1 )
Histology
Invariably adeno-carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma from oesophagus
Involves fundus and cardia

11. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Histological typing
Ulcerated carcinoma (25%)
Deep penetrated ulcer with shallow edges
Usually through all layers of the stomach
Polipoid carcinoma (25%)
Intraluminal tumors, large in size
Late metastasis
Superficial spreading carcinomas (15%)
Confinement to mucosa and sub-mucosa
Metastasis 30% at time of diagnosis
Better prognosis stage for stage

12. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Histological typing
Linitis plastica (10%)
Varity of SS but involves all layers of the stomach
Early spread with poor prognosis
Advanced carcinoma (35%)
Partly within and outside the stomach
Represents advanced stage of most of the fore mentioned carcinomas

13. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Symptoms and signs
Vague discomfort difficult to distinguish from dyspepsia
Anorexia
Meat aversion
Pronounced weight loss
At late stage
Epigastric mass
Haematemesis usually coffee ground seldom severe
Metastasis
Vircho node in neck
Blumer shelf in rectum

14. ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
Surgical resection only cure
Late presentation makes sugary often futile
Palliation controversial for
Haemorrhage
Gastric outlet
Simple gastrectomy as effective as abdominal block
Splenectomy often added due to direct involvement
Only for the very distal partial gestrectomy
Rest total gastrectomy
Prognosis overall 12% 5 year survival
90% for stage I disease

16. GASTRIC LYMPHOMA 5% of all primary gastric neoplasm's
2 different types of lymphoma
Part of systemic lymphoma with gastric involvement (32%)
Part of primary involvement of the GIT (MALT Tumors)
10 – 20% of all lymphomas occur in the abdomen
50% of those are gastric in nature
Risk factors
HP due to chronic stimulation of the MALT
In early stages of disease Rx of HP leads to regression of the disease

17. GASTRIC LYMPHOMA Primary MALT
Early stages also referred to as pseudo-lymphoma
Indolent for long periods
Low incidence of
Spread to lymph nodes
Involvement of bone marrow
Therefore much better prognosis
Mostly involves the antrum
5 different types according to appearance
Infiltrative Ulcerative
Nodular Polypoid
Combination

18. GASTRIC LYMPHOMA Primary MALT
At time of presentation
Larger than 10 cm (50%)
More than 1 focus (25%)
Ulcerated (30 – 50%)
Pattern of metastasis similar to gastric carcinoma
Signs and symptoms
Occur late and are vague
Relieved by anti-secretory drugs
Diagnosis based on histology

19. GASTRIC LYMPHOMA Primary MALT
Treatment controversial
Surgical treatment for patients without systemic involvement
Mandatory for high grade lesions
Possible not needed for low grade lesions
Total gastrectomy and en-block for direct involvement
Sparing duodenum and oesophagus
Palliative resection with intra-abdominal spread
Good for bleeding, obstruction and perforations
Radiation and chemotherapy combination for most

20. GASTRIC SARCOMA 1 – 3 % of gastric malignancies
Include a wide variety of tumors
Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyoblastoma
GIST

21. MENETRIERS DISEASE Giant gastric folds (hypertrophic gastropathy)
Differentiate from
Infiltrating neoplasm (Ca / lymphoma)
CMV infection
Manifestation
Hypo-proteinaemia due to loss from ruggae
Chronic blood loss
Treatment
Medical (PPI, atropine, H2 blockers)
Surgical for refractory cases or where Ca cant be excluded

22. GASTRIC BEZOAR Concretions in the stomach
Tricho-bezoar (hair)
Young girls who pick and swallow their hair
Phyto-bezoar (vegetable fibre)
Can cause erosions and bleeding
Seldom perforate but if mortality 20%
Post-gastrectomy predisposes
Both mechanical and chemical
Endoscopic breakage

23. GASTRIC VOLUVLUS 2 Types Clinical triade (Brochardt’s) Organo-axial
Through the organs longitudinal axis
More common and associated with hiatus hernia
Eventration of the diaphragm
Mesenterio-axial
Line through mid lesser to mid greater curvature
Clinical triade (Brochardt’s)
Vomiting followed by retching and inability to vomit
Epigastric distension
Inability to pass NGT

24. GASTRIC VOLVULUS
Treatment
Emergency surgery as any volvulus

25. GASTRIC DIVERTICULAE True diverticulae uncommon
Involve all layers of the wall
Pre-pyloric in location
Pulsion with only mucosa and sub-mucosa
Within a few cm of GEJ
Asymptomatic found on routine investigations
Confused with peptic ulceration

26. INTODUCTION - DUODENUM
Benign
Brunners gland adenoma
Leiomyoma
Carcinoid
Heterotopic gastric mucosa
Villous adenoma
Malignant
Peri-ampullar adeno CA
Duodenum
Cholangio
Pancreatic head
Leiomyosarcomas
Lymphomas
Others
Duodenal dIverticula

27. DUODENUM Benign tumors
Brunners gland adenomas
Small submucosal
Sessile and pedunculated variants
Posterior wall junction D1 and D2
Symptoms due to bleeding or onstruction
Leiomyoma
Asymptomatic
Carcinoid
Mostly active (gastrin, SS and serotonin)
Simple excision

28. DUODENUM Benign tumors
Hetrotopic gastric mucosa
Multiple small mucosal lesions
No clinical significance
Villous adenoma
Intestinal bleeding
Obstruction of ampulla with jaundice
Risk of malignancy high (50%)
Endoscopic snaring or local excision

29. DUODENUM Malignant tumors
Located in the descending part of the duodenum
Symptoms
Pain, obstruction bleeding and jaundice
Earlier than pancreas head
Treatment
Pancreatico-duodenectomy for localized lesions
Much better prognosis than pancreas Ca (30% 5-year as opposed to 0%)
Palliative bypass procedures if not resectable
Radiotherapy for advanced disease ?

30. DUODENAL DIVERTICULAE
Incidence
20% at autopsy
5 – 10% at upper GIT investigations
Pulsion diverticulae
90% on the medial border of the duodenum
Solitary and within 2.5 cm of the ampulla
Associated gallstones and gallbladder disease
Pseudo-diverticluae
First part of the duodenum
Scarring of PUD

31. DUODENAL DIVERTICULAE
Presentation
Chronic post-prandial pain and dyspepsia
With complicated disease
Bleeding and perforation
Panceatitis
Jaundice
Surgery for complicated disease
Dissection, removal and closure (even with perforation)
With billiary involvement : cholidocho-duodenostomy