1. Basic Guidelines for Selection of ORP vs. TRS Elena Gaidouk Michael Sergi Clint T. Skipper

2. Why Our Problem Is Important? UH faculty have to choose between TRS and ORP. Enrollment in ORP in lieu of TRS is a one-time, irrevocable decision. Therefore some ORP-eligible employees may have difficulties in making this choice, which would ultimately affect their past-retirement income.

3. Procedures Used In this project we outlined major points that should be considered while making this decision and provided basic guidelines for the selection. We also developed linear compensatory model using three major cues: age of the employee, attitude towards risk, and job security (such as tenure).

4. Findings TRS Provides benefits for service retirement, disability retirement, and death of a member or retiree Statutory retirement formula: years of service x average of highest five annual salaries x 2.3%

5. Findings (cont.) ORP An individualized retirement plan in which each participant selects from a variety of investment products provided by several companies that are authorized by the employing institution.

6. Major Difference The essential difference is that TRS is a defined benefit program, while ORP is a defined contribution program.

7. What Does It Mean? Optional Retirement Program Benefits are determined by the contributions and investment earnings in a person's account. The employee bears the investment risk. The employer's responsibility is to make the scheduled contributions. Members have individual choices among investments. Benefits consist of the account balance, which can be annuitized for lifetime income. Teacher Retirement System Benefits are determined by a formula, and benefit levels are guaranteed. The employer bears the risk. Investment performance affects funding, and does not directly affect benefits. Members have no individual control of benefit levels. Benefit levels are guaranteed for a retiree's lifetime.

8. Other Differences ORPTRS VestingOne year plus one dayFive years PortabilityFullNone DisabilityDoes not provide benefitsProvides benefits SurvivorDoes not provide benefitsProvides benefits

9. Other Differences (cont.) Risk of Insolvency Currently, the TRS has an actuarial valuation of assets at $89,299 M with an accrued actuarial liability of $102,495 M. This is a $13,196 M deficit or assets equal to 87.1% of liabilities The percentage of assets to liabilities has been eroding since 2000

10. TRS Financial Condition The state may need to increase its contribution to the program to meet the shortfall.

11. ORP and Market Risk Enrollees in the ORP plan are exposed to market risk. Enrollees can be over exposed to risk at different stages of their career. Returns from proper investment mix can increase retirement benefit. How much risk must be taken to achieve the 8% TRS return?

12. Other Differences (cont.) Cost of Living Adjustment Currently no recurring inflation adjustment to pension plan  “Ad-hoc” adjustments to “catch-up” with inflation  Legislation can pass benefit increase when fund is “sufficiently sound” for 31 years  In other words, cannot when unfunded liabilities of plan exceed 31 years  Every legislation since 1975 has made “COLA” adjustments 1993 Four installment plan to replenish fund purchasing power  Round 1 in 1993- 5-15% increase, with older retirees getting high end  Round 2 in 1995- 14% increase  Round 3 in 1997- 7.5% increase  Round 4 was supposed to occur in 2001, but instead changed multiplier Currently active pursuit to urge Texas Legislature to annualize a minimum pension “COLA”

13. Cost of Living Adjustment cont’d To put into perspective- imagine employee who entered the TRS plan in 1992 1993- 5% increase (assuming minimum adjustment) 1995- 14% increase 1997- 7.5% increase Total of 26.5% increase, or roughly 2% per year 26.5% increase/14 years= 1.90% per year Assuming TRS auditor’s 3% inflation estimate, this individual’s pension should have been adjusted by 42% 14 years times 3%= 42% Proposal for 80th Legislation session to waive “31 year” rule and grant annualized pension cost-of-living adjustments Bottom line: The “Rule of 31” Law is eroding the purchasing power of TRS retirement benefits Other Differences (cont.)

14. Who Should Choose ORP? Employees who terminate employment at a young/middle age Employees hired at young ages Employees with modest pay increases over a career Employees who achieve a higher rate of investment return, through personal investment selection Employees with short life expectancy

15. Who Should Choose TRS? Employees who retire early Employees hired in mid-career Employees with substantial pay increases at the end of career Employees who try to avoid any risk associated with the investment decisions Married employees, because of survivor benefits Employees with long life expectancy

16. More Complicated Cases Use Linear Compensatory Model O = A + R + S

17. Limitations We are not experts In our linear compensatory model we use only three cues, while there are other ones The weights assigned to cues in the model may be wrong Our model mostly addresses strong preferences cases Our model has not been tested

18. Thank you! We wish you all