1. Tobacco Forms The drug contained in tobacco is nicotine Cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco
Pipes and cigars
The drug contained in tobacco is nicotine
Nicotine is highly addictive

2. Harmful Substances in Tobacco
carcinogen- a cancer-causing substance
Selected Harmful Substances in Tobacco
Substance
Hazard
Arsenic
poisonous, carcinogen
Benzopyrene
carcinogen
Carbon Monoxide
reduces oxygen capacity of blood
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen Cyanide
reduces the cilia function in lungs
Nitrogen Dioxide
irritates respiratory tract
Nitrous Oxide
reduces number of WBC in lungs
Phenol
Carcinogen
Vinyl Chloride

3. Harmful Substances in Tobacco
The three substances in tobacco smoke which are especially harmful:
Nicotine
Carbon monoxide
Tar- thick liquid which coats the lungs
Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking
Contains many of the same chemicals and at least 28 different carcinogens

4. Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Respiratory
acute bronchitis
pneumonia
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
lung cancer
tracheal cancer
laryngeal cancer
asthma
Circulatory
coronary heart disease
stroke
hypertension
atherosclerosis
heart attack

5. Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Digestive
mouth cancer
throat cancer
gum disease
tooth loss
liver cancer
colon cancer
acid reflux
ulcers
Endocrine
pancreatic cancer
diabetes

6. Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Urinary
bladder cancer
kidney cancer
Reproductive
infertility
cervical cancer
menstrual disorders
low birth weight
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
miscarriage
ectopic pregnancy
Skeletal
osteoporosis

7. Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Other
macular degeneration (blindness)
cataracts
vocal cord polyps
chronic fatigue

8. Primary Diseases from Tobacco Use
Heart Disease
damages walls of arteries
raises cholesterol levels
increases blood pressure
Emphysema
destroys alveoli in the lungs
Lung Cancer
Mouth Cancer

9. Second-Hand/Sidestream Smoke
second-hand smoke- air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke
sidestream smoke- smoke from the burning end of a cigarette
Contains twice as much tar and nicotine as what the smoker inhales because it is not filtered
Long-term exposure to second-hand smoke poses the same health risks as smoking

10. Tobacco Addiction
addiction- a physical and/or psychological need for a drug or other substance
Tobacco use typically leads to two types of dependence:
physiological dependence- the body itself feels a direct need for a drug
psychological dependence- the mind sends the body the message that it needs more of a substance

11. Physiological Dependence on Tobacco
Nicotine increases the levels of a neurotransmitter involved in feelings of pleasure and reward (dopamine), making it highly addictive
When tobacco users go a period of time without nicotine, they experience withdrawal
withdrawal- unpleasant symptoms that occur when someone stops using an addictive substance
anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue

12. Psychological Dependence on Tobacco
Tobacco use is often part of one’s habits, built into his or her daily routine
Psychological dependence also results from false perceived effects of tobacco use:
Provides energy
Helps relax
Controls weight
“Benefits” are false, but if one believes that they are true, they reinforce the tobacco use

13. Reasons Teens Begin Using Tobacco
Attempt to appear sophisticated and mature
Peer pressure
Behavior modeled by others around them
Glorified in movies, TV, and advertisements
Rebellion
Others?

14. Tobacco Advertising
Tobacco is intensely marketed. Only the automobile industry markets more heavily.
Kids and teens constitute the majority of new smokers—tobacco advertising is designed to appeal to them
Emphasis on youthful vigor, sexual attraction, and themes of independence

20. Why is tobacco still legal?
IT IS BIG BUSINESS!!!!!
The tobacco industry spent $20,680,315 to lobby Congress in That amounts to a whopping $138,794 spent on lobbying for every day Congress was in session. That is on top of the $9,424,612 Big Tobacco gave in political contributions during the 2002 election cycle.

21. KEY FACTS  Percent of high school students who smoke: 28%
Percent of 8th graders who smoke daily:
5.5%
Approximately 90 percent of smokers begin smoking before the age of 21.
Most people who smoke would like to quit
Most people who begin smoking do not think that they will become addicted
1 in 5 U.S. deaths are attributable to smoking

22. The Bottom Line 
Not that many people are smoking. If you don’t start when you are young, you probably will not start.
If you do start when you are young, you probably will become addicted.

23. Reasons Not to Smoke You will be healthier and live longer
You won’t smell
You will save a great deal of money
You’ll keep your senses of smell and taste
You will have fewer allergies
You will not be confined to smoking areas
You will have more energy and stamina
You will have healthier skin
You will not hurt the health of others who have to breathe your smoke

24. Alcohol How alcohol affects the body:
Alcohol slows neurotransmitter function, depressing the central nervous system
Acts on:
Spinal cord- slows reactions
Cerebellum- alters balance, posture, and coordination
Cerebrum- impairs senses and judgement

25. Alcohol

26. Factors in Individual Effects of Alcohol
Size and gender
Food in the stomach
How fast the person drinks
Other substances in the body
Tolerance- when the body becomes used to a drug, it takes more of the drug to produce the same effect

27. Short-Term Effects of Alcohol
Blood-alcohol concentration (BAC)- amount of alcohol in the blood, expressed as a percentage
Ohio’s legal limit: 0.1%
Euphoria (BAC=.03 to .12%)
Become self confident and daring
Attention span shortens
Judgment becomes impaired
Fine motor control diminishes

28. Short-Term Effects of Alcohol
Excitement (BAC= .09 to .25%)
Become sleepy
Trouble understanding or remembering things
Reactions diminish
Movements become uncoordinated
Loose balance
Blurred vision
Senses diminish

29. Short-Term Effects of Alcohol
Confusion (BAC= .18% to .30%)
Dizziness
Highly emotional
Sleepy
Slurred speech
Sensation of pain is reduced

30. Short-Term Effects of Alcohol
Stupor (BAC= .25% to .40%)
Can barely move
Cannot respond to stimuli
May vomit
May lapse in and out of consciousness
Coma (BAC= .35% to .50%)
Unconscious
Body temperature feels cool
Slowed breathing and heart rate
Death (BAC above .50%)

31. Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Abuse
Depressed immune system
Heart disease
Cirrhosis- scarring of the liver, impairing liver function
Cancer (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, & liver)
Kidney failure
Hypertension
Malnutrition
Ulcers
Impotence
Bone Deterioration
Personality Disorders (aggression, anxiety, depression)
Alcoholism- disease marked by physical and psychological dependence on alcohol

32. Alcoholism 1 in 10 drinkers will become an alcoholic
Youth who drink before the age of 15 are 4 times more likely to develop alcohol dependency than those who begin drinking at age 21.

33. Recognizing Alcoholism
Drinking increasing amounts of alcohol and becoming drunk often
Placing drinking ahead of other activities
Drinking alone
Experiencing blackouts and not remembering what he/she said or did
Shows personality changes when drinking
Making excuses for drinking, promising to quit (but doesn’t ), and/or refusing to admit how much he/she is drinking
Treatment is possible—involves admitting problem, detoxification, and counseling

34. Alcohol and Crime
More than 1 in 3 convicted offenders were drinking at the time of their offense.
An estimated 50 to 75% of domestic violence cases involve alcohol.
in 2006, 17,941 people were killed in alcohol-related crashes, representing 41% of all traffic fatalities.
Over a third of all deaths among year-olds are alcohol related.
NOTE: Minimum 6 month loss of license (even if no car is involved) and $500 fine for underage drinking

35. Drugs
Drug- any nonfood substance taken into the body that can change the structure or function of the body or mind
Drug use, misuse, and abuse:
Use- drug is taken when needed, as directed, for the purpose intended
Misuse- legal drug is used in a way that it is not intended
Abuse- taking drugs that are illegal or not intended to be taken into the body

36. Drug Classifications (By Effect)
stimulants- speed up the body’s functions
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine
depressants- slow down the body’s functions
barbiturates, alcohol
hallucinogens- distort moods, thoughts, and senses
LSD, PCP
narcotics- relieve pain and dull the senses
morphine, codeine, oxyconton
Highly addictive

37. Marijuana Dried leaves of the hemp plant, usually smoked
Active ingredient is Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
THC is able to bind to many receptors in the brain, resulting in a range of effects:
Cerebellum- alters balance and coordination
Cerebrum- weakens memory, alters sensory perception, results in erratic emotional responses

38. Effects of Marijuana Abuse
Effects of the drug on the individual depend on:
How much THC is in it
User’s experience and expectations
How it is taken
Whether or not it is used with other drugs

39. Short-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse
Impaired memory
Distorted perception
Difficulty thinking and problem solving
Loss of coordination
Increased heart rate
Anxiety
Marijuana is an addictive drug
Withdrawal from THC has been shown to be like that of cocaine, heroine, and alcohol

40. Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse
Cancer
Marijuana contains some of the same, and sometimes even more cancer-causing chemicals found in tobacco
Lung disease
Marijuana contains the same irritants (tar, chemicals) as cigarettes
Users develop coughing/wheezing and become more susceptible to colds and pneumonia
Compromised immune function
THC damages lymphocytes and lymphatic tissue, weakening the body’s ability to fight infectious disease

41. Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse
Amotivational syndrome
Condition marked by chronic lethargy, lack of focus, and inability to concentrate
Further drug use
Marijuana is a “gateway drug”
Studies show that few young people use other illegal drugs without first using marijuana
Decreased testosterone levels in males
THC is fat soluble, and it concentrates in tissues with high fat content. One of such areas is the testes.
This inhibits testosterone production, possibly to the point where secondary female characteristics are observed

42. Why do young people abuse marijuana?
Misconceptions of dangers
Misunderstanding of health consequences
Ignorance of possibilities of addiction and social disorders
Influence of popular culture
Marijuana has been a popular image tool
Symbolizes an antisocial attitude

43. Inhalants
Inhalants are a class of substances that are not drugs themselves, but have a drug effect when their vapors are inhaled
Substances are common household products (ex.- cleaning products, aerosols)
The drug effect of inhalants is a result of oxygen deprivation
Chemicals and/or gasses displace oxygen in the blood, resulting in inadequate oxygen to the body, most notably to the brain

44. Short-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse
Nausea, vomiting/diarrhea
Blurred vision
Loss of coordination
Headache
Chest pain
Runny or bloody nose
Ringing in the ears

45. Inhalant Abuse Inhalants can be addictive
Inhalants can kill at any time, even on the first use
Asphyxia or suffocation
Choking on vomit
Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome
Instant death from inhaling toxins. Toxins interfere with the heart’s pace-making mechanism, producing cardiac arrest

46. Long-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse
Brain damage
Toxins dissolve protective covering around neurons
Damage to peripheral nerves
Numbness, tingling, paralysis
Lung damage
Liver damage
Kidney stones
Toxins interfere with kidney’s ability to control blood pH
Leukemia
Muscle atrophy

47. Steroids Chemicals similar to the male sex hormone testosterone
Anabolic- builds tissue
Anabolic steroids can grow muscle at an increased rate
Steroids enter the body’s cells and cause them to increase protein production
Taken in pill form or injected

48. Consequences of Steroid Abuse
For adolescents:
Halted growth due to premature skeletal maturation
For males:
Shrinking of the testicles
Development of breasts
Baldness
Infertility
For females:
Growth of facial hair
Deepening of the voice
changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle

49. Long-Term Effects of Steroid Abuse
Stroke
Enlarged heart muscle & high blood pressure
Liver cancer
Kidney disease
“Roid Rage”- uncontrollable aggressive outbursts brought on by steroid use
Psychological disorders (depression, inappropriate anger)

50. Cocaine Stimulant powder made from the leaves of the coca plant.
Snorted, smoked, or injected
Crack cocaine- a concentrated form which is smoked
Increases the activity of a neurotransmitter in the brain responsible for feelings of pleasure (dopamine)
Results in a relatively brief high, often followed by a “crash” characterized by depression and withdrawal

51. Short-Term Effects of Cocaine Abuse
Increased respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
Because of effects on the heart, it can kill at any time, even the first use
Disturbances in heart rhythm
Irritability
Headache/Dizziness
Insomnia

52. Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Abuse
Heart attack
Stroke
Respiratory failure
Erosion of nasal septum
Memory loss

53. Ecstasy (MDMA) “Club drug” in tablet form
Causes the release of a neurotransmitter which affects mood, sleep, and heart rate
Over-stimulation of these receptors can damage them
Has a synergistic effect with alcohol
Dangerously boosts the effects of both substances when used together
Identified as a gateway drug

54. Short-Term Effects of Ecstasy
Hallucinations
Muscle tension
Tremors
Blurred vision
Hyperthermia
Can lead to organ failure and death
Can kill at any time, even the first use

55. Long-Term Effects of Ecstasy
Nerve cell damage
Psychiatric disturbances
Anxiety, panic attacks, depression, mood swings
Cognitive impairment
Memory loss

56. Risks of Substance Abuse
Physical Risks
Chronic disease and organ damage
Decreased energy and endurance
Weakened immune system
Injury

57. Risks of Substance Abuse
Mental/Emotional Risks
ADDICTION
Depression
Inability to concentrate
Reduced ambition
Unstable mood

58. Risks of Substance Abuse
Social Risks
Social withdrawal
Stress on family and friends
Poor performance at work/school
Trouble with the law

59. Influences Boundary Makers vs. Boundary Breakers
A line (boundary) is crossed when a person accepts negative consequences with a choice
Two groups influence decisions with regard to this line
Boundary makers- recognize the value of having lines in place and influence you to stay within them
Boundary breakers- disregard the value of having lines and have crossed them so many times that the lines don’t exist
Once the line is crossed, it is much easier to cross it again and again

60. Boundaries
No Boundaries

61. What are the long-term results of having no boundaries and consequently no direction?
KEY POINT: One is more apt to accept negative consequences when pressured to do so by a boundary breaker

62. Influences Voids Void- an unfulfilled part of one’s life
Voids may center on love, acceptance, occupation, and/or relationship to goals
Voids are very powerful, and people actively seek to fill them
Voids may be filled by positive or negative activities
Examples?
KEY POINT: when a negative action fills a void, negative consequences are disregarded

63. Influences Media Drug messages heavily center on youth and fun
creates associations with these images and disassociates the products with their negative effects
Themes are very appealing to young people:
Attraction
Fun
Sophisticated/Cool image
Humor

72. Addiction
Addiction- physical and/or psychological need for a drug or other substance
Signs of addiction:
Using drugs on a regular basis
Lying about the amount/frequency of use
Thinking that drugs are necessary to have fun
Avoiding other people in order to use drugs
Giving up activities that the person used to enjoy
Pressuring others to use drugs
Frequent moods of depression and hopelessness
Regularly missing school or work

73. 4 Stages of Addiction
Reinforcement- User has all desired results with few or no consequences. The belief is that use is fun and rewarding and cannot cause harm.
Feeling Normal

74. 4 Stages of Addiction
Tolerance- The body becomes used to the drug and needs greater amounts to get the desired effect.

75. 4 Stages of Addiction
Dependency- Psychological belief that that the individual needs the drug to be normal. Signs of withdrawal begin to show.

76. 4 Stages of Addiction
Addiction- Individual physically and psychologically needs drug to feel normal. Severe withdrawal becomes progressively worse.

77. Rule of 5 to 15
If someone begins using a substance after the age of 18, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 years
If someone begins using a substance between the ages of 13 and 17, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 months
If someone begins using a substance before the age of 13, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 weeks

78. ay no in a firm voice ell why not ffer another idea romptly leave
Refusal Skills
Saying “no” effectively
ay no in a firm voice
ell why not
ffer another idea
romptly leave

79. Tips for Assertive Refusal
Use humor to break tension
Use “I” statements—don’t accuse or blame the person
Take your time—collect your thoughts
Stand up straight and maintain eye contact
Speak in a firm but polite voice
Don’t apologize for saying no
Walk away from the situation

80. Refusal Skills Scenarios
group #1
A group of friends is trying to convince you to go into town to buy some pot.
group #2
One of your older sibling’s friends wants you to have a cigarette with him/her.
group #3
At a party, your friends are drinking beer. They have invited you to join them.
group #4
You and your friends are offered ecstasy at a party. It appears that your friends are going to accept it.

81. Refusal Skills Scenarios
group #5
You are hanging out at a friend’s house, and everybody is bored. Somebody suggests that it would be fun to “huff” the vapors from a cleanser in the garage.
group #6
You are working out at the gym. Somebody with great muscle definition tells you that you could get stronger a lot easier if you just take the steroids that he/she offers you.
group #7
While studying late for final exams, a friend of your older sibling tells you that the pills he/she has will wake you up and keep you alert, and that he/she will give you some for free.