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Honey Mushroom, Oregon, subterranean filaments =1,800 football fields
Fig. 31-1 Ch. 31 Fungi
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Characteristics of Fungi
Multicellular Eukaryotes with few unicellular Heterotrophic by absorption Mostly decomposers but some parasites, mutualists, even predator Diverse habitats
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(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
Fig. 31-4a Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
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Structures Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures
Fig. 31-2 Structures Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium = condensed network of hyphae
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Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha
Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha
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Reproduction varies & is specific
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Reproduction varies & is specific Spores animation
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Penicillium, asexual structures called conidia
Fig. 31-6 Penicillium, asexual structures called conidia 2.5 µm
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Yeast reproduce asexually via budding 10 µm
Fig. 31-7 Yeast reproduce asexually via budding 10 µm Parent cell Bud
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Fig. 31-8 Origin of Fungi is unicellular flagellated protist. Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants that descended from algae. Animals (and their close protistan relatives) UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED ANCESTOR Nucleariids Opisthokonts Chytrids Fungi Other fungi
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3 of 5 Fungi phyla are defined by fruiting body structure
Fig. 31-UN1 3 of 5 Fungi phyla are defined by fruiting body structure Chytrids Zygomycetes = sphere shaped Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes = sac shaped Basidiomycetes = club shaped
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Fig. 31-UN6
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Fig b Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Bread Mold and other fungi that rot food are included with sphere shaped fruiting bodies called zygosporangia that hold spores.
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Fig. 31-UN6b
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Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating
Fig Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium
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Note zygosporangia fruiting bodies
Fig Note zygosporangia fruiting bodies 0.5 mm
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Fig d Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Cup fungi, morels and truffles are examples that hold spores in sac-like fruiting bodies called asci.
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Fig. 31-UN6d
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Fig a Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel
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Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
Fig b Tuber melanosporum, a truffle
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Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n)
Fig Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS
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Fig e Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) “Grocery store” mushrooms as well as shelf fungi, puffballs and fairy rings have fruiting bodies shaped like pedestals or clubs called basidia.
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Fig. 31-UN6e
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Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a
Fig a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat
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Fig b Puffballs emitting spores
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Fig c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood
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Fig Fairy Ring – underground mycellium can grow 30 cm / yr. so giant rings are centuries old
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Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+)
Fig Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)
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Fungi Play Key Roles Nutrient cycling as decomposers (even jet fuel and house paint) Mutualistic relationship (so both benefit) w/ plants & is called mycchorhizae w/ animals usually to aide in digestion w/ algae or cyanobacteria called lichen Pathogenic – disease causing i.e. wheat rust & corn smut.
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Ants need fungi so they can digest leaves
Fig Ants need fungi so they can digest leaves
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> 13,500 lichen species exist
Fig > 13,500 lichen species exist Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen A foliose (leaflike) lichen
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Fig In lichen the alga contributes food and the fungus provides shade, moisture, minerals even toxins so alga is not eaten. Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae
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Pathogenic Fungi may be killed with fungicides
Fig Pathogenic Fungi may be killed with fungicides (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye
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Fig Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth
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Practical Uses of Fungi
Food production – i.e. cheeses Food Fermentation – i.e. yeast Medical Value - to produce antibiotics & other drugs GMO to produce enzymes that genetically modified E. coli can not produce Yeast as a research specimen since easy to culture and to manipulate
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