1. The Periodic Table of Elements
Chapter 17.5 and 17.6

2. Who made it?
The first periodic table was constructed by a Russian Chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, in 1869
Mendeleev arranged the elements in his table according to their atomic mass.
This was later changed to atomic number which is the way it is arranged today.

3. The Periodic Table
Mendeleev arranged the elements in such a way that the elements with similar properties were in the same column.
The columns are called groups
Elements found in the same column are said to be in the same group.
The rows are called periods
Elements found in the same row are said to be in the same period

4. The Periodic Table
Group 1
Group 2
1st Period
2nd Period
3rd Period

5. Why is it set up this way
Mendeleev created his periodic table in this way because he noticed patterns occurring with the elements.
Because he set up his table based on the patterns he noticed, Mendeleev left blank spaces in which he was able to predict the properties of elements that had yet to be discovered.
His table was proven useful when these elements were discovered and had properties that were a close match to his predictions

6. Mendeleev's Periodic Table

7. The Modern Periodic Table
The Modern Periodic table is not arranged by atomic mass, but by atomic number
Atomic number = number of protons
Mendeleev did not know about protons in 1872
There are 18 groups on the periodic table and 7 periods

8. The Modern Periodic Table
The majority of the Elements found on the periodic table are metals
Metals are shiny, opaque, and are good conductors of electricity and heat
Many of them are malleable, meaning they can be hammered into shape or bent with out breaking
They are also ductile, which means they can be drawn into wire.
Most are solid at room temperature except for Mercury (Hg), Gallium (Ga), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr).

9. The Metals

10. The Periodic Table
All of the non metal elements are found on the right of the Periodic Table, except for Hydrogen.
Non metals are very poor conductors of electricity and heat.
They are brittle and shatter when hammered.

11. The Non-metals

12. The Modern Periodic Table
The modern Periodic Table has a line that separates the metals from the non-metals.
This line is often referred to as the staircase.

14. The Modern Periodic Table
The modern Periodic Table has a line that separates the metals from the non-metals.
This line is often referred to as the staircase.
To the left of the stair case are the metals (except Hydrogen!)

15. Metals
NOT HYDROGEN!

16. The Periodic Table
The modern Periodic Table has a line that separates the metals from the non-metals.
This line is often referred to as the staircase.
To the left of the stair case are the metals (except Hydrogen!)
To the right of the stair case are the non metals.
Don’t forget Hydrogen!

17. Non- Metals
Metals

18. The Periodic Table
The modern Periodic Table has a line that separates the metals from the non-metals.
This line is often referred to as the staircase.
To the left of the stair case are the metals (except Hydrogen!)
To the right of the stair case are the non metals.
Don’t forget Hydrogen!
Along the stair case are a special group called metalloids

19. Metalloids have some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of non metals
They are in-between metals and non metals

20. The Atom and The Periodic Table
Aside from metals and non metals the periodic table is organized in two ways.
These two ways are in
Groups/Families
Periods

21. Rows on the Table
Remember, the atomic number = the number of electrons.
The first row has Hydrogen with one electron and Helium with two electrons both in energy level one.
Therefore, Helium has the first energy level full.
We consider this as being stable.

22. Rows on the Table
If you look at the second row, it starts with lithium and ends with neon.
Lithium has three electrons and neon has ten electrons.
Lithium has two electrons in the first shell and one in the second.
Neon has two electrons in the first shell and eight in the second.
The first column always starts the new shell.
The last column always fills the shell.

23. Groups
Groups or families are the vertical columns on the periodic table.
Groups are numbered 1 through 18.
These elements have the same number of electrons in their outer orbits.
Valence Electrons!
They also have many characteristics in common.
The group IIa elements; beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, & barium. They are called the Alkali Earth Metals.

24. Alkali Metals
The first group of elements on the periodic table are called The Alkali Metals

25. Alkali Metals

26. Alkali Metals
The first group of elements on the periodic table are called The Alkali Metals
The Alkali Metals are very reactive
Many of them like sodium react violently with water
As you move down the group they become more and more reactive

27. Alkaline Earth Metals
The second group on the periodic table are called Alkaline Earth Metals

28. Alkaline Earth Metals

29. Alkaline Earth Metals
The second group on the periodic table are called Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals react with water but not as violently as Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals also do not melt or change when placed in fire

30. Transition Metals
Group 3 through 12 are known as the Transition Metals

31. Transition Metals

32. Transition Metals
Group 3 through 12 are known as the Transition Metals
Transition metals are the more familiar metals such as copper, gold, silver, iron, nickel, and chromium.
These metals are usually shiny, do not react well with water, and melt when heated

33. Inner Transition Metals
The inner transition metals belong in the 6th and the 7th period

34. Inner Transition Metals

35. Inner Transition Metals
The inner transition metals belong in the 6th and the 7th period
The Lanthanide Series belongs in the 6th period because of its properties
the Actinide Series belongs in the 7th period because of its properties
Inserting them into the Periodic Table would make a long periodic table that wouldn’t fit on a piece of paper!
Uranium, an actinide, is used in nuclear power plants

36. Groups 13-16
Groups have no common names but contain many elements familiar to us.
Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, & Oxygen can all be found in groups 13 through 16
Since they don’t have a special name we just use the first element in the group as the name
ie. Boron Group
Each member of the group has the same number of valence electrons
Some of these elements are metals, metalloids or non-metals depending on where they are found relative to the stair case

37. Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Group

38. Halogens
Group 17 are known as the Halogens

39. Halogens

40. Halogens Group 17 are known as the Halogens
Halogens in Greek mean “salt forming”
Many elements in this group form salts with metals
Ie. Sodium Chloride
Some Halogens such as Bromine and Iodine are found in Halogen lamps which glow brighter without burning out quickly
Chlorine is a Halogen

41. The Noble Gases
Group 18 are known as the Noble Gases

42. Noble Gases

43. The Noble Gases Group 18 are known as the Noble Gases
The noble gases do not react with any other elements or themselves
They are chemically stable or unreactive
They get their name from the Nobles who would never interact with the common folk!