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Telecommunications and Networks

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1 Telecommunications and Networks
Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networks

2 Overview of Communication
Communications is the transmission of a signal by way of a medium from a sender to a receiver.

3 Telecommunications Electronic transmission of signals for communications Telephone Radio Television Lessens barriers of time and distance

4 Telecommunications Data communications Telecommunications media
Specialized subset of telecommunications Includes the electronic collection, processing, and distribution of data Telecommunications media Anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device

5 Elements of a Telecommunications System
[Figure 6.3]

6 Analog and Digital Signals
Continuous fluctuations over time between high and low voltage Digital A discrete voltage state

7 Analog and Digital Signals
Analog signal Fig. 6.4 Digital signal

8 Analog Waves Frequency Amplitude
The number of times per second a continuous wave completes one cycle Amplitude The difference of the extremes from the midpoint in a cycle

9 Basic Modulation Techniques
Amplitude modulation (AM) Converts digital data to analog signals using a single frequency carrier signal High-amplitude wave denotes a binary 1 Low-amplitude wave denotes a binary 0

10 Basic Modulation Techniques
Frequency modulation (FM) Uses a constant amplitude carrier signal and two frequencies to distinguish between 1 and 0 Phase modulation Uses a phase shift at transition points in the carrier frequency to represent 1 or 0

11 Communications Speed Bits per second (bps) Bandwidth Broadband
Number of bits that can be transferred in one second Bandwidth Range of signal frequencies that can be sent over a medium at the same time Broadband Bandwidth of 256,000 to 1 million bps

12 Types of Communications Media
Twisted wire cable Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable Microwave transmission Cellular transmission Infrared transmission

13 Twisted Wire Cable A cable consisting of pairs of twisted wires
The twist helps the signal from “bleeding” into the next pair

14 Coaxial Cable Inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation, called the dielectric Dielectric is surrounded by a conductive shield, which is in turn covered by a layer of nonconductive insulation, called the jacket

15 Fiber-Optic Cable Consists of many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing Transmits signals with light beams

16 Wireless Transmission
Microwave: Terrestrial Microwave: Satellite Cellular PCS

17 Telecommunications Devices
Modems Fax modems Special-purpose modems Multiplexers Communications processors

18 How a Modem Works

19 Multiplexers Allow several telecommunication signals to be transmitted over a single communications medium concurrently Time division multiplexer (TDM) Multiple incoming signals are sliced into small time intervals Frequency division multiplexer(FDM) Incoming signals are placed on different frequency ranges

20 Time Division and Frequency Division Multiplexers
[Figure 6.14]

21 Communications Processors
Called front-end processors because they are in front of and before the main system CPU [Figure 6.15] Main system Front-end processor Incoming and outgoing jobs

22 Telecommunications Carriers and Services
Common carriers Long-distance telephone companies Value-added carriers Companies that have developed private telecommunications systems and offer their services for a fee

23 Telecommunications Carriers and Services
Switched line Standard telephone line that uses switching equipment to allow one transmission device to be connected to others Dedicated line Provides a constant connection between two points Also called a leased line

24 Telecommunications Carriers and Services
Private branch exchange (PBX) Manages both voice and data transfer within a building and to outside lines Wide area telephone services (WATS) A billing method for heavy users of voiceband media Phone and dialing services Additional services from the common carriers (i.e. ANI)

25 Telecommunications Carriers and Services
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) Technology that uses existing common-carrier lines to simultaneously transmit voice, video, and image data in digital form Digital subscriber line (DSL) Businesses/homes that have a DSL over existing phone wires can use a special modem that transmits up to 768 Kbps

26 Telecommunications Act of 1996
Completely rewrites the 62-year-old Communications Act Goal: To promote competition and eliminate monopolies for a wide range of communication services May cause profound changes in U.S. communications that can lead to a complete renovation in the way information is delivered to consumers

27 Global Telecommunications
One of the largest and fastest growing sectors of the global economies Criticality of implementing and managing global networks Increase of international acquisitions and mergers Need to compete on a global basis

28 Computer Network Includes communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices Benefits of a Network Can turn a company into an agile, powerful and creative organization, giving it long-term competitive advantage Can be used to share hardware, programs, and databases across the organization

29 Basic Data Processing Strategies
Centralized processing All processing occurs in a single location Decentralized processing Processing devices are placed at various remote locations Distributed processing Computers at remote locations are connected to each other via telecommunications devices

30 Network Concepts and Considerations
Network topology Logical models that describe how networks are structured or configured Star network A network that has a central hub or computer system

31 Four Basic Types of Network Topology
[Figure 6.17] (a) ring (b) bus (c) hierarchical (d) star

32 Types of Networks Local area networks (LAN) Regional networks
Connect computer systems and devices within the same geographical area Regional networks Tie regional areas together via telecommunications systems

33 Types of Networks Wide area networks (WAN) Private WANs
Tie large geographic regions together using microwave and satellite transmission or telephone lines Private WANs Computer equipment owned by users and data communications equipment provided by a common carrier Value-added networks (VAN) Offer services in addition to those offered by a traditional network (e.g., CompuServe) International networks Link system together between countries

34 Terminal-to-Host “Dumb” terminal Fig 6.20 Applications and databases reside on the same host computer User interacts with the application using a “dumb” terminal

35 LANs and WANs [Figure 6.18] [Figure 6.19]
A Typical LAN in a BUS Topology A Wide Area Network

36 File Server Fig 6.21 Applications and databases reside on the same host computer File server transfers data and programs to PCs on the network, which do the processing

37 Client/Server Fig 6.22 Applications and databases reside on specialized host computers Servers do most or all of the processing and transmit the results to the client

38 The Client/Server Approach
Advantages Cost potential Improved performance Increased security Disadvantages Increased cost potential Loss of control Complex multivendor environment

39 Functions of Communications Software
Error checking Message formatting Communications logs Data security and privacy Translation capabilities for networks

40 Communications Software
Network operating systems Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to communicate with each other Network management software Software tools and utilities available for managing networks

41 Communications Protocols
Open systems interconnection (OSI) A protocol (or standard) endorsed by the International Standards Committee TCP/IP Developed by the U.S. government to link its defense research agencies SNA IBM’s communications protocol Ethernet A popular protocol often used with local area networks Other protocols

42 Bridges, Routers, and Gateways
Connects two or more networks Router Features more sophisticated addressing software than bridges Gateway Links LANs or networks that employ different higher-level protocols

43 Bridges, Routers, and Gateways
[Figure 6.24]

44 Coordinating Communications and Networks
Polling A procedure in which the main computer checks each device one at a time to see if there are any messages waiting to be communicated to other network devices Token passing A technique in which an electronic “token” is passed from one device to another Contention A procedure in which a device checks to see if a message is currently being transmitted

45 Data Transfer Modes Packet switching Frame relay
Communications process that divides electronic messages into small segments (data packets) Frame relay Uses wideband communications media and high speed switching devices Voice-over frame relay Moves voice traffic onto frame relay to bypass the public telephone network

46 Data Transfer Modes Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
A high-speed network technology that provides transport for voice, video, text, and other multimedia data Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) Designed specifically to serve the needs of high-performance, mission-critical LAN applications

47 Telecommunications Applications
Links between PCs and mainframes Facilitates the upload or download of data Voice storage and forwarding Sometimes called voice mail Allows users to leave, receive, and store verbal messages for and from people around the world

48 Telecommunications Applications
Electronic mail Users connected to a network can send messages to others by computer Electronic document distribution Involves transporting documents over communications lines and networks

49 Telecommunications Applications
Electronic software distribution Involves installing software on a file server for users to share by signing onto the network and downloading the software onto their computers over the network Telecommuting Working at home on a PC and communicating with the central office or other workers via networks

50 Telecommunications Applications
Teleconferencing Allows groups to have conferences in one connected voice phone call Videoconferencing An extension of teleconferencing that combines voice, video, and audio transmission

51 Telecommunications Applications
Electronic data interchange (EDI) Uses network systems and follows standards and procedures that allow output from one system to be processed directly as input to other systems, without human intervention [Figure 6.27]

52 Telecommunications Applications
[Figure 6.28] Public network services Give PC users access to vast databases and other services, usually for an initial fee plus usage fees

53 Telecommunications Applications
Specialized information systems Include legal, patent, and technical information Regional information systems Include local electronic bulletin boards and electronic mail facilities that offer information regarding local club, school, and government activities Distance learning Extends the classroom by using telecommunications

54 Network Design Considerations
Reliability Security Response time Privacy issues Vendor services and support Company support

55 Communications Audits
Purpose: To make sure the communications system is operating as intended Types of communications audits: Walk-thorough Software check Network check Policy and procedures Program and database check


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