2. Session V Introduction to Basic Aid to Navigation Training

3. Training Objectives Training Objectives 1. Review the definitions for the various Federal and Private AtoNs. 2. Understand why AtoNs are established. 3. Understand the specific purpose of the various AtoNs. 4. Become familiar with the flash characteristics used on AtoNs.

4. AToN System Definitions IALA = I nternational A ssociation of L ighthouse A uthorities. Divides the world into 2 regions: Region “A”: Most of the World Region “B”: North & South America, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines

5. AToN System Definitions The US uses the IALA-B System IALA-B = Red, Right, Returning from sea

6. Region “B” Red – Even - Triangles and nuns Green - Odd - Squares and cans Region “A” Green – Even - Triangles Red - Odd - Squares AtoN System Modes

7. ATON System Names U.S. Marking System Intracoastal Waterway System Western River System

8. U. S. Marking System Lateral System: Employs a simple arrangement of... 1. Colors RED & Green 2. Numbers EVEN & ODD 3. Shapes NUNS & CANS 4. Shapes TRIANGLES & SQUARES

9. Lateral Marks  define the port and starboard sides of a channel or fairway being followed.  Their most frequent use is to mark the sides of channels - may be used individually to mark obstructions located outside of clearly defined channels.  have three criteria that assist the mariner in their quick identification – shape, color, and numbering.

10. U. S. Marking System Lateral System Numbering: Red aids get even numbers Red aids get even numbers Green aids get odd numbers Green aids get odd numbers Number start from sea and increase toward shore Number start from sea and increase toward shore

11. Conventional Direction of Buoyage Purpose: To identify how aids should be passed in areas other than channels. Regions: Atlantic Coast : Southerly Gulf Coast: North and Westerly Pacific Coast: Northerly Great Lakes: North and Westerly (Lake Michigan: Southerly )

12. Conventional Direction of Buoyage Used for marking the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) and the off-shore ocean buoys along the coast.

13. Definition of an Aid to Navigation Any device, external to a vessel, intended to assist navigators to determine their position, safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.

14. Definition of a Buoy Any unmanned, floating aid to navigation that is moored to the seabed. May be lighted or unlighted. The seabed is owned by the Corp of Engineers and is licensed to the Coast Guard who authorizes private parties to deploy PatoNs.

15. Definition of a Beacon Any fixed aid to navigation located on a shore or marine site. Lights. Lighted beacons are called Lights. Unlighted beacons are called DaybeaconsDaymarks. Daybeacons or Daymarks.

16. Definition of a Daymark The daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of several colors, shapes, numerals or letters. Shape may be square, triangle, rectangle, diamond or octagon.

17. Starboard Lateral Marks Color: Red Shape: Triangular or conical—nuns. Character: Even Numbers Light: Red

18. Port Lateral Marks Color: Green Shape: Square / Cans Character: Odd Numbers Light: Green

19. Red Daymark 2 Should have a contrasting red number 2

20. Green Daymark 3 Will have a contrasting GREEN number 3

21. Nun Buoy 6 Should have a white number

22. Can Buoy 7 Should have a white number 7

23. Preferred Channel Marks Purpose: Marks junctions / bifurcations Description: Color: Red & Green horizontally banded (top color band is preferred channel) Shape: Same as preferred channel (uppermost band is preferred channel) Character: Letter not number. Light: Same color as uppermost band. Characteristic: Gp Fl (2+1) 6s A

24. In the main channel, pass on your port side returning from the sea. In the secondary channel, pass on your starboard side – “Red Right Returning”

25. Purpose: Indicates navigable water all around the mark Description: Color: Red and White vertically striped Shape: Sphere or Buoy with Topmark Character: White letters (ex. “NC” North Channel) Light Color: White Characteristic: Mo(A) Safe Water MarkSafe Water Mark

26. Safe Water Marks MR Spherical Lighted and or sound

27. Isolated Danger Mark Purpose: Marks isolated dangers or obstructions that can be passed on all sides Description: Color: Black and Red horizontally banded Shape: Buoy with Top marks Character: White Letters Light: White Characteristic : Gp Fl (2) 5s

28. Special Marks Purpose: Not intended to assist safe navigation but to indicate special areas marked on charts (anchorage, traffic separation, data gathering) Description: Color: Yellow Shape: Various Character: Black letters Light: Yellow Characteristic: Fixed, Flashing (except Mo A, 2+1, Qk)

29. Regulatory & Information Marks Not part of Lateral System Diamond - means danger and words may appear explaining the danger. Called a Danger Buoy Circle - means restricted operations. Speed Buoys (5 MPH) or No Wake Buoys. Diamond with a Cross - tells you that vessels are not allowed in the area. Sometimes called Exclusion Buoys Square - contains directions to the boater. Bridge Regulatory Signs.

30. Regulatory and Information Marks Purpose: Alert the mariner to such things as submerged pipes, no wake zones, etc. Description: Color: White with orange band or border Shape: Square, Round, or Diamond Character: Letters (black, usually words) Light: White

31. Definition of a Range A pair of beacons arranged so that when they are aligned they indicate the center of the navigable channel.

32. Range Marks Purpose: Indicate the center line of a channel when aligned as you traverse the channel. Description: Color: They will have colored panels equal in size vertical striped. Shape: Rectangle tall side up. Light - Green, Red, White and Yellow. Front range light is lower of the two. Rear range light is higher and further from the mariner. KGW = Range Green with White Stripe.

33. WRECK MARKS Purpose: To alert the mariner to wrecks. Description: Color: Appropriate to side of channel. Shape: Appropriate to side of channel. Character: White letters “ WR ”, numbered in sequence with channel (WR2). Light: Same as buoy color. Characteristic: Quick Flashing (unless aid is a preferred channel aid )

34. DAY MARK Some markers will have no lateral significance. They are not designed to indicate the channel but rather, to help you determine where you are.

35. Light Structures Major Lighthouses Are named. e.g. Boston Light Symbol is large exclamation point. Fixed position Minor Lights Not named Same symbol Fixed position

36. l Enclosed edifice that houses protects, displays, or supports visual, audible, or radio aids to navigation. –All US Lighthouses are now unmanned (except Boston Light) Lighthouse

37. Light Patterns – see page 12 Fixed (F) – continuous, unblinking light Flashing (Fl) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency not greater than 30 per minute. Quick Flashing (Q) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 60 per minute. Very Quick Flashing (VQ) – light duration shorter than darkness. Frequency is at least 100 per minute. Interrupted Quick Flashing (IQ) – like quick flashing but having a brief, extended darkness period. Isophase (Iso) – Light has equal duration between light and darkness. Period consists of both light and dark interval. Also called Equal Interval (E Int).

38. Light Patterns Group Flashing (Gp Fl (x+x)) – Combination of two patterns in one period, i.e. 2 flashes followed by three flashes. Occulting (Occ) – Opposite of flashing – light is on more than it is off. Alternating (AL) – Alternating light changes color. Special purpose light for situations requiring significant caution. Example shows AL.WG…alternating white and green light. Morse (Mo) – Morse code light signal. Example is Morse “U” which is two short flashes followed by one prolonged flash then a period of darkness. Shown as (Mo(U)) on charts. Long Flashing (LFL) – One long flash in a period with lighted period of at least 2 seconds.

39. Timing for Lights Lights are timed for 60 seconds Lights are timed for 60 seconds See Standard Rhythms Table for time See Standard Rhythms Table for time i.e. Quick, 60 flashes/min FL 4, 15 fl/min and FL 6, 10 fl/min i.e. Quick, 60 flashes/min FL 4, 15 fl/min and FL 6, 10 fl/min

40. Intracoastal Waterway Begins in New Jersey. Goes south to the Florida Keys. Then north along the west coast of Florida. Then west along the Gulf of Mexico to Brownsville, Texas.

41. Intracoastal Waterway Marks When aids in a channel are also used to identify an ICW channel. The normal “Red right returning from the sea” rule applies to both.

42. Intracoastal Waterway Marks Yellow Yellow triangles, squares and bands are used to identify ICW marks. The material used is retroreflective. Yellow Yellow triangles are usually displayed on red lateral marks used on the ICW. Yellow green Yellow squares usually are usually displayed on green lateral marks used on the ICW. Yellow Yellow bands are displayed on non-lateral ATONS used on the ICW. retroreflective

43. Aids marking the Intracoastal Waterway

44. Dual Purpose Marks Are found on cans and nuns in the ICW. Sometimes a yellow triangle appears on a can or square daymark or a yellow square appears on a nun or triangle daymark. The buoy has dual purpose. To use the ICW, follow the yellow marks. red or green When following the local waterway, use the (red or green) lateral system marks.

45. Intracoastal Waterway Marks Dual Purpose Marks

46. ENDOF Session V