1. 6 May 20151 ICUFA, WBPCB/GCECT/UNSW Kolkata 10 – 11 January 2013 Near Whitened Fly Ash : UTILIZATION OF AS RECEIVED AND UNSW - DEVELOPED NEAR WHITENED FLY ASH IN VIRGIN WHITE POLYMER POLYPROPYLENE Sri Bandyopadhyay, A Zaeni, U P Singh UNSW SMSE & CIPET LARPM Thanks Prof Binoy K Dutta, Prof S Maitra, Dr G Ghosh & Team

2. 6 May 20152 Fly ash Fine powder collected as residue in the exhaust gases from combustion chambers of the pulverized coal fired boilers at power plant stations

3. 6 May 20153 The fly ash morphology, Spherical also irregular

4. 6 May 20154 Application of Fly ash Fly ash Agriculture Cement / Concrete Polymer composites PolyesterPolyethylene PolypropyleneEpoxy Other Polymer

5. 6 May 20155 AIMS : Utilization of FA in Composite based Product with Enriched Mechanical Properties New Exp. Conditions Screening of Polymers Modification of FA Addition of Additive Strategies

6. 6 May 20156 So far the reasons of producing polymer composites using fly ash are : - stiffen the matrix - make it rigid, - lower cost of material, - modify rheological properties, - increase strength properties of polymer

7. 6 May 20157 Zaeni, Bandyopadhyay et al (1) focussed particle size and distribution, surface morphology, chemical composition, plus colour measurement of several Australian fly ash samples. Further, Zaeni, Bandyopadhyay et al recently developed a method to modify the colour of fly ash from grey black to almost near white (NHFA), to 96 % of the whiteness of calcium carbonate (2). It is believed this will assist the fly ash recycling industry to make better decisions re use of fly ash so far as the colour effect of fly ash products is concerned (see fig 1).

8. 6 May 20158 Normal v Near- Whitened Fly ash Bottom 100 % PP tensile sample - white in colour; Middle: As received fly ash / PP, dark green in colour; Top: Near whitened fly ash / PP; almost white in colour;

9. Fly Ash P.P.Composites 6 May 20159

10. Mechanical Properties of as received Fly Ash PP Composites 6 May 201510

11. 6 May 201511 We developed method :Grey black to almost white, within 5 % of calciulm carbonate Average Particle Size 8.3 microns Akhmad Zaeni / Sri Bandyopadhyay

12. 6 May 201512 Our research past 4 years found new use of fly ash as a filler in plastics replacing natural fillers; Selective fly ash - modified to Near white color – opens up big new applications opportunities

13. 6 May 201513 Australian Provisional Patent 2009 In March 2009, a standard Australian Patent " A Method for Improving the Colour of Fly Ash" was filed Application number is 2009200846 See next slide for the demonstration of this color change.

14. 6 May 201514 UNSW – CIPET India Fly ash PP Project May 2010 [ Sri Bandy & S K Nayak ]

15. 6 May 201515 White fly ash in weight % 5 to 50 with polypropylene

16. 6 May 201516

17. 6 May 201517 Results Notched Impact strength vs Fly Ash wt %

18. 6 May 201518 PP Only

19. 6 May 201519 PP Only

20. 6 May 201520 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fracture surface of PP – 20 wt % Whitened fly Ash notched impact specimen Mechanism of toughening : Particle debonding and frictional pull-out energies

21. PP – 20% near-whitened fly ash High magnification 6 May 201521

22. 6 May 201522 PP – 50 % NHFA, High magnification

23. 6 May 201523 Bright and white products We can use Whitened Fly Ash in very broad areas of engineering, environment, and research. We can revolutionize the use for India and Australia Thanks West Bengal Government Thanks WB Pollution Control Board

24. Conclusion Fly ash can be used as an additive in polymers to as high as 50 % by weight if not more. Both as-received fly ash and near-whitened fly ash can have beneficial effects in tensile modulus and notched impact properties. Scanning electron microscopy of notched impact fracture surfaces show smaller size fly ash particles are embedded in the interlamellar textural matrix of the polymer. 6 May 201524

25. Acknowledgement One part of this presentation is based on a paper by Sri Bandyopadhyay, & Akhmad Zaeni & Dilip Nath et al “Advanced utilization of as received and near whitened fly ash in polypropylene polymer to improve mechanical, notched impact and whiteness colour properties”, International Journal of Plastics Technology, 14, 2010, Supplement 1, 51-56,Advanced utilization of as received and near whitened fly ash in polypropylene polymer to improve mechanical, notched impact and whiteness colour properties”, International Journal of Plastics Technology14, 2010, Supplement 1 DOI: 10.1007/s12588-010-0011-5. The other part (NHFA-PP Impact studies) of the paper is based on a CIPET Faculty Research collaboration program held at UNSW in 2010, approved by CIPET DG Prof Dr Sanjay K Nayak. 6 May 201525

26. 6 May 201526 Thanks WBPCB and GCECT Thanks Akhmad at UNSW, Thanks Upinder and CIPET DG Prof Sanjay Nayak Thanks my HoS, Dean and DVC-Research at UNSW