1. Foreign Direct Investment
Chapter
seven

2. FDA Then main sections Introduction FDI in the world Economy
Theories of FDI
Political Ideology and FDI
Benefits and Cost of FDI
Govt Policy Instruments and FDI

3. Introduction
FDI when a firm invests directly in a foreign country leading to a multinational enterprise.
Two forms of FDI:
Greenfield investment
al_Report_FDI%20_SAUDI_ARABIA.pdf
2. Acquiring or merging with a firm in the foreign country.
See Telephonica case study

4. Foreign Direct Investment in the World Economy section number one
Key concepts:
The Flow of FDI: the amount of the FDI undertaken over a year.
The Stock of FDI: the total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given time.
Outflows of FDI: the flow of FDI out of the country.
Inflows of FDI: the flow of FDI into a country

5. Foreign Direct Investment in the World Economy
Trends in FDI
The direction of FDI
The source of FDI
The form of FDI
The shift to services

6. Trends in FDI
Outflow of FDI from $25 billion in 1975 to 1.4 trillion in 2000.
2007 = 1.8 trillion dollars
2008 = 1.4 trillion.
2011 = 1.66 trillion an increase by 16%
See 12/finance htm
See figure 1.7.
The global stock of FDI exceeded $15 trillion by 2007.

7. The directions of FDI
The direction from developed to developed countries.
$232billion in 2008 inward investment to the USA
EU reached 604 billion in 2007.
UK and France 323 and 272 respectively.
FDI into developing nations has increased to reach 27.4 billion. Don't forget the emerging economies, China for example
China attracted 60 billion of FDI in 2004 to hit 92 billion in 2008.
Gross fixed capital formation is an important indicator see figure 7.4

8. Source of FDI
USA since WWll up to 2000
UK, France, Germany and Japan.

9. The form of FDI Acquisitions Vs Greenfield Investments.
Acquisitions account for more than Greenfields up to percent
Less in developing countries of about one- third is in the form of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. There are fewer firms to acquire in developing nations.
Maybe you have to start from scratch- Greenfield investments

10. The form of FDI
Why to acquire vs undertake greenfield investments?

11. The Shift to Services
Services account for about more than 70% of the GDP
The shift to services is driven by many factors 1- including the shift from goods to services.
2-Services can not be traded internationally because of they are inseparable
3-Regime liberalization in services – telecommunication and power
4- the internet based global telecommunications networks has allowed some services to relocate some of their value creation activities to different nations- Proctor and Gample shifting its back office accounting function to the Philippines.

12. Theories of FDI section number two
Why FDI? Maybe it is more risky and expensive. Why not exporting and Licensing? What are their limitations?

13. Theories of FDI Limitations of exporting
Transportation costs and trade barriers
Limitations of licensing
The risk of giving away valuable technological know how to a foreign potential competitor. Be careful of losing your secret formula.
Lost control over important functions like manufacturing, marketing and strategy.
The licensee might not be able to do it right affecting the firm’s competitive advantage.
Culture can not be licensed! Check Toyota example page 242. culture is immitigable

14. Theories of FDI
The pattern of FDI or FDI pattern: firms in the same industry for example tend to undertake FDI at around the same time and towards certain locations. Theories that explain the pattern that we observe in FDI flows: 1-Strategic behaviour: One theory is based on the idea that FDI is based on strategic rivalry between firms

15. Theories of FDI 1-Strategic behaviour:
One theory is based on the idea that FDI is based on strategic rivalry between firms
Example is the rivalry in oligopolistic industries
An oligopoly: like 4 firms control 80% of domestic market. Imitation is high in prices and DFI

16. Theories of FDI
Using Multipoint competition: when two or more companies encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets, or industries. Playing like chess, matching each other moves in different markets to try to get advantage one over the other.
The case of Kodak and Fuji
Burger King Following McDonald’s

17. Theories of FDI
The product life cycle is not very clear in terms of why firms use FDI not other forms like exporting or licensing! So shift to the
Eclectic Paradigm is a very interesting one:
location-specific advantages for FDI including resource endowments or assets
So it is:
Location specific assets + firm’s own capabilities = FDI

18. Eclectic Paradigm
Look at the example of Silicon Valley – good example- on top of page 245.
The location specific advantage in Silicon Valley is KNOWLEDGE in computer and semiconductor industries attracting computer companies from all over the world to DFI there.
Also oil companies.

19. Political Ideology and FDI (section number three)
1- the Radical view against FDI lead by Marxist political theory.
2- the Free Market View – Adam Smith and David Ricardo views theories.
3- Pragmatic Nationalism – the case of Al-Hassan City in Jordan.
Japan weights benefits against costs of FDI- IBM and Texas instruments.
Nissan, Toyota, and Honda are now operating in the UK by offering tax breaks and subsidies. The shift now is from the radical approach to the free market approach.

20. Benefits and costs of FDI section four
Host-country benefits
Resource-transfer Effects-like capital, technology, and management resources and training managers and job creation- THE KNOW-HOW.
Balance of payments effects; avoiding trade deficit. China exports reached $969 Billion in 2006 due to the presence of foreign multinationals that invested heavily in China during the 1990.

21. Benefits and costs of FDI section four
Effects on competition and economic growth
This improves prices, quality and economic prosperity, R&D., productivity.

22. Benefits and costs of FDI section four
Host-country costs:
Adverse effects on competition
Adverse effects on the balance of payments
National sovereignty and autonomy
Home country benefits: home country balance of payments, employment and skill development
Home country costs-balance of payments and employment

23. Govt Policy instruments and FDI section number five
Home country policies
Host country policies

24. Home country policies Encouraging outward FDI Restricting outward FDI
The first one: encouraging outward FDI:
1- insurance
2- elimination of double taxation
Using political influence to relax restriction, barriers and rules. The Case of toys “R” Us in Japan

25. Home country policies The second policy is restricting outward FDI
1- to limit capital outflows for protecting the country balance of payments
2- to create jobs at home
3- for political reasons. Ex Iran.

26. Host country policies Encouraging inward FDI
Tax concessions, low interest loans, and grants
France and UK compete for inward FDI from Toyota in 1995.
Restricting inward FDI
In ownership restraints and performance requirements. For example Inward FDI in Natural resources like water, cement and potash and other minerals
National security issues

27. Restricting inward FDI
Ownership restraints is also based on a belief that local owners can help to maximize the resource transfer and employment benefits.
International institutions and FDI
Liberalization page 256.

28. Chapter summary and guidelines
You need to:
Know the differences between Greenfield investments Vs acquisitions.
FDI keywords like flow of FDI...etc.
View links related to FDI in these slides.
Have a general knowledge about trends in FDI, direction, and sources of FDI.
The shift to services
Know the theories of FDI including the internalization theory, strategic behaviour, multipoint competition.

29. Chapter summary and guidelines
More important is the eclectic paradigm-
In The political ideology page 245 look at the 3 views.
Benefits and cost of FDI – the main elements only like 2-3 benefits and costs of each. and
the same thing for govt policy instruments.
Case studies (opening and closing).
Good luck to you.