1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-1Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada3-1 Body Rhythms and Mental States Chapter 5

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-2Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada3-2 Chapter Outline Biological Rhythms: The Tides of ExperienceBiological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience The Rhythms of SleepThe Rhythms of Sleep Exploring the Dream WorldExploring the Dream World The Riddle of HypnosisThe Riddle of Hypnosis Consciousness-Altering DrugsConsciousness-Altering Drugs

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-3 Biological Rhythms ConsciousnessConsciousness –Our awareness of ourselves and the environment Biological rhythmsBiological rhythms –A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system –Rhythms can be synchronized with external (entrainment) or internal cues (endogenous)

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-4 Circadian Rhythms Circadian rhythms occur approximately every 24 hours (e.g., sleep-wake cycle)Circadian rhythms occur approximately every 24 hours (e.g., sleep-wake cycle) –Commonly entrained to external time cues –Endogenous rhythm averages around 24.3 hrs –Controlled by biological clock in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Regulates levels of melatonin secreted by pineal glandRegulates levels of melatonin secreted by pineal gland

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-5 Out of Sync? Internal desynchronizationInternal desynchronization –A state in which biological rhythms are not in phase (synchronized) with one another –Changes in your normal routines can cause desynchronization –May also occur in response to jet lag, rotating shift work, daylight savings time

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-6 Moods & Long-Term Rhythms Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) –Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring –Treatments may involve phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light –Inconsistent findings with respect to prevalence and effectiveness of treatments

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-7 Moods & Menstrual Cycles “Premenstrual syndrome” (PMS)“Premenstrual syndrome” (PMS) –Vague cluster of physical & emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation that was labeled as an ‘illness’ –Physical symptoms (e.g., cramps, water retention) are common –Emotional symptoms (e.g., irritability, depression) are rare

8. Moods, PMS, & Research Expectations and beliefs may be related to PMS symptom reportingExpectations and beliefs may be related to PMS symptom reporting Women recalled feeling more irritable in retrospect during premenstrual times but this differed from daily journal reports at the timeWomen recalled feeling more irritable in retrospect during premenstrual times but this differed from daily journal reports at the time Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-8

9. The Rhythms of Sleep During sleep, we cycle between periods of REM & non-REM sleep (~ 90 minutes)During sleep, we cycle between periods of REM & non-REM sleep (~ 90 minutes) –Rapid eye movement (REM) – characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming –Non-REM (NREM) sleep – characterized by fewer eye movements than in REM Divided into 4 stages with different brain wavesDivided into 4 stages with different brain waves Relaxed brain associated with alpha wavesRelaxed brain associated with alpha waves Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-9

10. The Rhythms of Sleep Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-10

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-11 The Stages of Sleep Stage 1: feel on the edge of consciousness; light sleepStage 1: feel on the edge of consciousness; light sleep Stage 2: presence of sleep spindles; minor noises won’t disturb youStage 2: presence of sleep spindles; minor noises won’t disturb you Stage 3: delta waves begin; breathing & pulse have slowed down; hard to awakenStage 3: delta waves begin; breathing & pulse have slowed down; hard to awaken Stage 4: delta waves predominant; deep sleep; most likely stage for sleepwalkingStage 4: delta waves predominant; deep sleep; most likely stage for sleepwalking Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone and dreamingRapid eye movement (REM) sleep: increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone and dreaming

12. Typical Sleep Stage Pattern Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-12

13. Why We Sleep Exact function of sleep unclear but allows for certain processes to occur:Exact function of sleep unclear but allows for certain processes to occur: –Body eliminates waste products from muscles –Repairs cells –Conserves & replenishes energy stores –Strengthens immune system –Recovers abilities lost during the day –Necessary for normal mental functioning Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-13

14. Consequences of Sleeplessness Chronic sleep deprivationChronic sleep deprivation –Increases cortisol levels which can impair neurons involved in learning & memory Chronic insomniaChronic insomnia –Difficulty falling or staying asleep; about 10% of adults experience this Daytime sleepiness linked to inadequate sleep during night, associated with decreased mental performanceDaytime sleepiness linked to inadequate sleep during night, associated with decreased mental performance Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-14

15. Sleep Disorders Sleep apneaSleep apnea –Disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing person to choke & gasp and momentarily awaken NarcolepsyNarcolepsy –Disorder involving sudden & unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep REM behaviour disorderREM behaviour disorder –Muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur, and sleeper (mostly males) may “act out” their dreams Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-15

16. Benefits of Sleep Memory consolidationMemory consolidation –Process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable –Linked to REM & slow-wave sleep May also enhance problem-solving abilitiesMay also enhance problem-solving abilities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-16

17. Exploring the Dream World Most people dream, although may not be awareMost people dream, although may not be aware –Lucid dreaming: dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming, may be able to exert some control over dream Various theories proposed to explain the purpose of dreamsVarious theories proposed to explain the purpose of dreams –Psychoanalytic, problem-focused, cognitive, activation-synthesis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-17

18. Dreams as Unconscious Wishes Psychoanalytic approach to dreaming (Freud)Psychoanalytic approach to dreaming (Freud) Dreams provide insight into unconscious wishes & desiresDreams provide insight into unconscious wishes & desires –Manifest content: aspects of dreams that are consciously experienced; may involve “day residue” –Latent content: aspects of dream that are unconscious wishes being expressed symbolically Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-18

19. Dreams as Problem-Solving Problem-focused approach to dreamsProblem-focused approach to dreams –Explanation in which the symbols and metaphors in a dream do not disguise its true meaning; they convey it –Dreams often contain material related to our current concerns (e.g., relationships, work, sex, health) –May provide opportunities to resolve problems Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-19

20. Dreams as Thinking Cognitive approach to dreamingCognitive approach to dreaming Dreams reflect modifications of cognitive activity that goes on when we are awakeDreams reflect modifications of cognitive activity that goes on when we are awake –E.g., most likely to dream about topics that occupy waking thoughts Cut off from sensory input and external feedback during dreamingCut off from sensory input and external feedback during dreaming Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-20

21. Dreams as Brain Activity Activation-synthesis theory of dreamingActivation-synthesis theory of dreaming –Dreaming results from cortical synthesis & interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-21

22. Evaluating Dream Theories Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-22

23. The Riddle of Hypnosis HypnosisHypnosis –Procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of the participant –Variety of methods used to induce hypnosis, most involve relaxation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-23

24. The Nature of Hypnosis 1.Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts & qualities of the person being hypnotized than on the skills of the hypnotist 2.Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will 3.Feats performed while under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-24

25. The Nature of Hypnosis 4.Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory 5.Hypnosis does not produce a literal re- experiencing of long-ago events 6.Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological problems Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-25

26. Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis Two views on hypnosis:Two views on hypnosis: –Involves dissociation or a split in consciousness in which one part of mind operates independently from the rest (presence of hidden observer) Control of executive function (frontal lobes) weakened to altered (not dissociated) state of consciousnessControl of executive function (frontal lobes) weakened to altered (not dissociated) state of consciousness Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-26

27. Sociocognitive Theory of Hypnosis Effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between:Effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between: –the social influence of the hypnotist –the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-27

28. Consciousness-Altering Drugs Cultural history of practices designed to release people from confines of ordinary consciousness (may involve substances)Cultural history of practices designed to release people from confines of ordinary consciousness (may involve substances) Psychoactive drugPsychoactive drug –A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behaviour by changing the body’s biochemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-28

29. Classifying Drugs 1.Stimulants –Drugs that speed up activity in the CNS E.g., nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetaminesE.g., nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines 2.Depressants –Drugs that slow activity in the CNS E.g., alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, inhalantsE.g., alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, inhalants Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-29

30. Classifying Drugs 3.Opiates –Drugs, derived from opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria E.g., opium, heroin, morphine, methadoneE.g., opium, heroin, morphine, methadone 4.Psychedelic drugs –Drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time & space E.g., LSD, mescaline, salvia divinorum, psilocybinE.g., LSD, mescaline, salvia divinorum, psilocybin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-30

31. Classifying Drugs Other more commonly used drugs not in these categoriesOther more commonly used drugs not in these categories –Anabolic steroids: synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are taken by pill or injection; used to increase muscle mass & strength –Marijuana: contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); related to mild euphoria, relaxation, intense sensations, reduced pain, & various cognitive deficits Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-31

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-32

33. Physiology of Drug Effects Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by acting on brain neurotransmitters (NTs)Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by acting on brain neurotransmitters (NTs) –Increase/decrease release of NTs –Prevent reabsorption of excess NTs –Block effects of NTs on receiving cells –Bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by NTs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-33

34. The Case of Cocaine Cocaine blocks reabsorption of dopamine & norepinehrineCocaine blocks reabsorption of dopamine & norepinehrine Results in over-stimulation of brain circuits to produce euphoric “high”Results in over-stimulation of brain circuits to produce euphoric “high” Later depletion of dopamine results in “crash”Later depletion of dopamine results in “crash” Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-34

35. Physiology of Drug Effects Use of some psychoactive drugs (e.g., heroin, tranquilizers) can lead to toleranceUse of some psychoactive drugs (e.g., heroin, tranquilizers) can lead to tolerance –Increased resistance to a drug’s effects accompanying continued use When heavy users stop, may suffer severe withdrawal symptomsWhen heavy users stop, may suffer severe withdrawal symptoms –Physical & psychological symptoms that occur when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-35

36. Psychology of Drug Effects Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on:Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on: –Individual factors such as weight, metabolism, level of emotional arousal, personality, physical tolerance –Experience or number of times drug has been taken –Environmental setting or context where drug is taken –Mental set or expectations about drugs effect & reasons for taking it Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-36

37. The Drug Debate Use versus abuse:Use versus abuse: –Distinguish based on how much a drug interferes with functioning & relationships Many “legal” drugs are commonly consumed (e.g., coffee, tobacco, alcohol)Many “legal” drugs are commonly consumed (e.g., coffee, tobacco, alcohol) Many “illegal” drugs may have positive or medicinal uses (e.g., marijuana)Many “illegal” drugs may have positive or medicinal uses (e.g., marijuana) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-37

38. The Drug Debate Debates continue surrounding skewed negative views of substances that are illegal versus legalDebates continue surrounding skewed negative views of substances that are illegal versus legal –E.g., cocaine versus prescription painkillers Canadians debate over marijuana use & benefits, as well as harm reduction programs providing safe injection sites to drug addictsCanadians debate over marijuana use & benefits, as well as harm reduction programs providing safe injection sites to drug addicts Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-38

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada5-39 End of Chapter 5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada-39