2. The Near- Destruction of Deaf Education By Lauren Simerlink Next IndexMusic

3. Grade 9 Social Studies: American History Index Content Standards: Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills Content Statements -Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. -The use of primary and secondary information includes and examination of the credibility of each source *Students will research facts about Milan 1880 and Deafness and organize it into a lesson to be taught to the class Deafness Title

4. StandardsDeafness Early Deaf Edu Pre- Milan Edu Goals Of Milan Methods Theory of Lip reading Realities of Lip reading Lip reading 1 Lip reading 2 Effects LiteracyCognitive Psychological Social Reformation Stigma Summary Works Cited

5.  “ deaf”-Partially or completely lacking the sense of hearing  “Deaf”- The culture group comprised of people who use Sign Language as a means of communication. Members may or may not have the ability to hear  “Hearing”- Label assigned to people who use vocal language as a primary means of communication Index Early Deaf EduEarly Deaf Edu. Title

6.  Early 1500s- Deaf education began -Ponce de Leon -Beginning of Oralism  Beginning of Sign as an education method -Juan Pable Martin Bonet  1780s- Deaf people in France began learning in Sign Language -Became fully literate and educated (Sturley) Index Deafness Pre-Milan

7.  Deaf education continued to be stellar  Deaf people who would have previously had no opportunities were becoming authors, teachers, and leaders in their societies (Sturley)  until… Millan 1880 Index Early Edu.

8.  Include Deaf people in the Hearing Community  Improve Deaf literacy and cognitive processes  Prevent a delay in language acquisition (thought to be the result of Sign Language) (“Milan”) Index Pre-Milan Methods

9.  Reform all Deaf schools to Oralism  -Lay off Deaf teachers who signed to students  -Hired non- signing Hearing teachers who were trained in the Oralist method  Discourage students from signing  Tell parents not to sign with their children  Encourage Deaf-Blind students who have some site to lip-read (Sturley) Lipreading Index Goals

10.  Students learn to recognize the “shapes” of letters/sounds  If words or sounds cannot be heard or lip read, it is easy to guess them from context (Hearing Link) Index Reality Methods

11.  Lipreading is drastically misunderstood by many Hearing people  30% comprehension (“Oralism”) -Results in misunderstanding, isolation, embarrassment  Certain sounds look identical  Visibility is affected by many factors -Speed, overbite, smiling, over or under enunciation… (Bauman) Index Lip-reading Theory

12. Voice Index Lip reading

13. Index Effects Lip reading

14. Literacy Cognition Psychology SocialSocial LifeLife Voice

15.  Deaf children who were exposed to Sign at an early age read better than Deaf children who were taught with Oralism at an early age (Brown)  Average Deaf 17-year-old -4 th grade reading level -6 th grade math Index Lip-reading

16.  Difficulty understanding words with multiple meanings (ex: “ran”)  Passive voice (Burke)  Tenses -(‘s’ and ‘ed’ are hard to hear)  Abstract concepts -Delayed language acquisition (“Effects”) Auditory cortex (purple) is beside Wernicke’s Area (blue) Index Lip-reading

17.  Rate of mental illness twice as large as that of the general population (Ladd)  Anger, depression, embarrassment, low self- confidence (Healthy Hearing) Index Lip-reading

18.  Deaf people were isolated - Couldn’t sign or speak  Felt awkward in public settings (Van Cleve) Index Reformation Lip-reading

19.  1950s- people began to realize Oralism was a failure  Introduced “Total Communication”- speak and sign (Sturley) Index Social Effects Stigma

20.  Cannot hear anything  Always need interpreter  Can lip read perfectly  Deaf are stupid (because of the voice)  Hearing people tend to stare (Atcherson) Index Reformation Attitudes Deaf woman Singing “Let It Snow.” She posted this video on YouTube to prove a point about how it feels to not be able to understand another person’s speech.

21.  “Deaf” is a culture- not a disability  Millan 1880 almost destroyed the Deaf community  Lipreading is an ineffective means of communication for the Deaf  All Sign Languages are certified languages and can communicate as effectively as spoken languages “Thriller” in ASL Index Bibliography Milan 1880 Stigma

22.  American Speech-Langauge-Hearing Association (N.d.). Effects of Hearing Loss on Development. Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm  Atcherson, Samuel R., M.Ed. Stigma and Misconceptions of Hearing Loss: Implications for Healthcare Professionals with Hearing Loss. Retireved from http://www.amphl.org/articles/atcherson2002.pdf http://www.amphl.org/articles/atcherson2002.pdf  Bauman, Neil (March 200). Successfully Coping With Hearing Loss. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/speechreading.htm http://www.hearinglosshelp.com/articles/speechreading.htm  Fleischer, Doris Zames. Frieda Zames. The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.  Brown, Rodger. Social Psychology, 2nd Edition. New York, NY: The Free Press. (R. Burke, personal communication, March 9, 2013).  PBS (March 2007). Oral Education and Women in the Classroom. Retireved from http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/women.html http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes/deaflife/women.html  (n.a.) (n.d.). Oralism and How it Affects the Development of the Deaf Child. Retrieved from http://www.csus.edu/wac/journal/2010/Hood_Research_Paper.pdf http://www.csus.edu/wac/journal/2010/Hood_Research_Paper.pdf  Hearing Link (n.d.). HearingLink: Connecting People. Retrieved from http://www.hearinglink.org/lipreading http://www.hearinglink.org/lipreading Index Sturley, Nick (n.d.). Milan 1880. Retrieved from Bibliography Summary

23.  Healthy Hearing (September 6, 2012). Emotional effects Related to Untreated Hearing Loss. Retrieved from http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing- loss/Types/50526-Emotional-effects-linked-to-untreated-hearing-loss-- not http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing- loss/Types/50526-Emotional-effects-linked-to-untreated-hearing-loss-- not  Madrid, Martha Manette. The Speech Organs and Their Functions. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/MariaMarthaManetteMadrid/the-organs-of- speech-and-their-function http://www.slideshare.net/MariaMarthaManetteMadrid/the-organs-of- speech-and-their-function  Lad, Paddy and Mike Gulliver, Sarah Batterbury (n.d.). Reassessing Minority Language Empowerment from a Deaf perspective: The other 32 Languages. Retrieved from http://www.aberystwyth.ac.uk/mercator/images/LaddGulliverBatterb urypaper0904031.pdf http://www.aberystwyth.ac.uk/mercator/images/LaddGulliverBatterb urypaper0904031.pdf  Sturley, Nick (n.d.). Milan 1880. Retrieved from http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/beforemilan1880.html http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/beforemilan1880.html  Van Cleve, John Vickrey. Deaf History Unveiled: Interpretations from the New Scholarship. Washington, D.C. Gallaudet Unviersity press. Index Bibliography Picture Citations

24.  F1online. n.d. [Portrait of a little boy with missing two front teeth]. Retrieved from: http://www.f1online.pro/en/image-details/2948184.html http://www.f1online.pro/en/image-details/2948184.html   Prognathism. n.d. [Example of mandibular prognathism]. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathism   SamMuslim, DDS Face Lift Dentistry. n.d. [Picture of teeth with overbite]. Retrieved from: http://www.faceliftdentistry.com/ http://www.faceliftdentistry.com/   Hearing Therapy Australia. n.d. [Diagram of theory of lipreading]. Retrieved from: http://hearingtherapyaustralia.com/info/lipreading.html http://hearingtherapyaustralia.com/info/lipreading.html  CW Books. n.d. [Picture of books]. Retrieved from: http://www.readcwbooks.com/http://www.readcwbooks.com/   The Brain. n.d. [Picture of the brain with labels]. Retrieved from: http://www- rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.htmlhttp://www- rohan.sdsu.edu/~gawron/intro/course_core/lectures/aphasia_cases_slides.html   Las Vegas Guardian Express. September 15, 2013. [Picture of a depresses man sitting with head in hands]. Retrieved from: http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/can-religion-and-spirituality-cause-depression/http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/can-religion-and-spirituality-cause-depression/   Return Yoga. n.d. [Picture of person sitting alone in crowd]. Retrieved from: http://www.returnyoga.org/2012/07/16/a-slice-of-the-beloved-the-yoga-of-relationships/ http://www.returnyoga.org/2012/07/16/a-slice-of-the-beloved-the-yoga-of-relationships/ Index Text Citations Picture Citations

25.  Acoustics ’08 Paris. July 4, 2008. [Picture of Deaf girl with cochlear implant whispering into another girl’s ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.acoustics.org/press/155th/iglehart.htmhttp://www.acoustics.org/press/155th/iglehart.htm   University of Nebraska: Special Education & Communication Disorders. n.d. [Picture of teacher signing to student]. Retrieved from: http://cehs.unl.edu/barkley/sped/deafed/pbl.shtmlhttp://cehs.unl.edu/barkley/sped/deafed/pbl.shtml   WBUR: Boston’s NPR News Station. November 1, 2013. [Picture of a teacher signing to a boy who has a cochlear implant]. http://www.wbur.org/npr/150245885/cochlear-implants-redefine-what-it-means- to-be-deaf http://www.wbur.org/npr/150245885/cochlear-implants-redefine-what-it-means- to-be-deaf  Quincy Herald-Whig. September 26, 2012. [Signing for awareness>>QU Deaf Day] Retrieved from: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRFiWRLk7cCgDR67efLkPe5zElXrKf 6mfB3Dw39-KAHAvdyaB54https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRFiWRLk7cCgDR67efLkPe5zElXrKf 6mfB3Dw39-KAHAvdyaB54  IBM connecting. n.d. [Deaf church]. Retrieved from: https://encrypted- tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9pcatm31hjlVXgzgpE80f2Ua6fSMif55S2nOwc5WH4O28JT QChttps://encrypted- tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS9pcatm31hjlVXgzgpE80f2Ua6fSMif55S2nOwc5WH4O28JT QC   SoundBite Hearing System. n.d. [Diagram of inner ear]. Retrieved from: http://www.soundbitehearing.com/hearing-loss/single-sided-deafness.cfm http://www.soundbitehearing.com/hearing-loss/single-sided-deafness.cfm   Milan 1880. n.d. [Pablo’s sign methods]. Retrieved from: http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/Resources/item11a1ac.gif http://www.milan1880.com/milan1880history/Resources/item11a1ac.gif   Deaf Expressions. July 27, 2010. [Sign Language is Banned!]. Retrieved from: http://deafexpressions.blogspot.com/2010/07/you-say-oralism-isnt-perfect-right-on.html http://deafexpressions.blogspot.com/2010/07/you-say-oralism-isnt-perfect-right-on.html  Index Picture Citations

26.  BBC News. October 15, 2012. [‘I’ve missed a year of school with ADHD]. Retrived from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=parent+telling+ch ild+no&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=kkBKkcc6BagbQM%3A%3B1jzWuDeQoSWXMM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%2 52Fnews.bbcimg.co.uk%252Fmedia%252Fimages%252F63447000%252Fjpg%252F_63447887_mother_telling_off_son.jpg% 3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.bbc.co.uk%252Fnews%252Fhealth-19910955%3B464%3B261   Dreamstime. n.d. [Royalty Free Stock Photos:Hands in handcuffs]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=hands+in+handcu ffs&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TDmNJlpUtj0sdM%3A%3B6VvD0fzxQs6VtM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fthu mbs.dreamstime.com%252Fz%252Fhands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background- 32915138.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dreamstime.com%252Froyalty-free-stock-photos-hands-handcuffs- isolated-over-white-background-image32915138%3B1300%3B957 https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=hands+in+handcu ffs&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TDmNJlpUtj0sdM%3A%3B6VvD0fzxQs6VtM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fthu mbs.dreamstime.com%252Fz%252Fhands-handcuffs-isolated-over-white-background- 32915138.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dreamstime.com%252Froyalty-free-stock-photos-hands-handcuffs- isolated-over-white-background-image32915138%3B1300%3B957   DeafGeoff. March 3, 2012. [Lipreading:Examples of sounds and what mouths look like when saying them]. Retrieved from: http://deafgeoff.com/2012/03/03/lipreading-and-live-tweeting-bring-something-unique-to-twitter-during-events/ http://deafgeoff.com/2012/03/03/lipreading-and-live-tweeting-bring-something-unique-to-twitter-during-events/   B4tea: Daily Dose of News for your healthy lifestyle. n.d. [Picture of a woman’s lips]. http://b4tea.blogspot.com/2012/01/natural-tips-for-beautiful-soft-lips-in.html http://b4tea.blogspot.com/2012/01/natural-tips-for-beautiful-soft-lips-in.html   GeekAlerts: Gadgets for Geeks. October 10, 2011. [I’m a Man Beard]. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=man+with+beard &tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KiUXimBXzFSQrM%3A%3B- Lyu30WBHJ0OfM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fu%252FIm-a-Man- Beard.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fim-a-man-beard%252F%3B570%3B624 https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1656&bih=819&q=ear&oq=ear&gs_l =img.3..0l10.5275.5793.0.8017.3.3.0.0.0.0.62.158.3.3.0....0...1ac.1.30.img..0.3.158.N5v9pO_TkjY#hl=en&q=man+with+beard &tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KiUXimBXzFSQrM%3A%3B- Lyu30WBHJ0OfM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fu%252FIm-a-Man- Beard.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.geekalerts.com%252Fim-a-man-beard%252F%3B570%3B624 Index Video Citations Picture Citations

27.  YouTube music Awards. Deaf Girl Signing ‘Let it Snow.’ Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASGJIv vXXE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ASGJIv vXXE  YouTube Music Awards. Thriller in ASL. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5laIgaaFJ 8o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5laIgaaFJ 8o  Lauren Simerlink. A point about lip reading. Index Picture Citations