1. Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 10: The Hydrogen Economy L. D. Danny Harvey harvey@geog.utoronto.ca harvey@geog.utoronto.ca This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Powerpoint format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage. Please see www.earthscan.co.uk for contact details. www.earthscan.co.uk Publisher: Earthscan, UK Homepage: www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808

2. Figure 10.1 Efficiency of steam methane reforming to produce hydrogen Source: Lutz et al (2003, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28, 159–167, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603199)

3. Figure 10.2 Capital cost of steam methane reformers Source: Modified from Weinert and Lipman (2006, An Assessment of Near-Term Costs of Hydrogen Refueling Stations and Station Components, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis)

4. Figure 10.3 Capital cost of electrolyzers Source: Modified from Weinert and Lipman (2006, An Assessment of Near-Term Costs of Hydrogen Refueling Stations and Station Components, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis)

5. Figure 10.4 Contributions to the total electrolysis voltage as a function of current density Source: Berry et al (2003a, Encyclopedia of Energy, Elsevier 3, 253-265, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780121764807)

6. Figure 10.5 Typical variation of electrolysis efficiency with load Source: Ntziachristos et al (2005, Renewable Energy 30, 1471–1487, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09601481)

7. Figure 10.6 Variation with operating temperature of the energy inputs required for electrolysis Source: Ni et al (2007, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32, 4648–4660, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603199)

8. Figure 10.7 Solar H 2 production through high- temperature electrolysis

9. Figure 10.8 PEC Structure Source: Bak et al (2003, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27, 991-1022, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603199)

10. Figure 10.9 Energy required to compress hydrogen

11. Figure 10.10 Energy required to transmit natural gas and H 2 by pipeline

12. Figure 10.11 Cost of transmitting various a mixture consisting of various proportions of natural gas and hydrogen, as a function of pipe diameter Source: Oney et al (1994, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 19, 813–822, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03603199)

13. Figure 10.12a Hydrogen Aircraft Source: Airbus (2003, Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled Aircraft – System Analysis. Final Technical Report (Publishable Version), Airbus Deutschland GmbH (Project Coordinator) Project No GRd1-1999-10014, www.aero-net.org)

14. Figure 10.12b Hydrogen Aircraft Source: Airbus (2003, Liquid Hydrogen Fuelled Aircraft – System Analysis. Final Technical Report (Publishable Version), Airbus Deutschland GmbH (Project Coordinator) Project No GRd1-1999-10014, www.aero-net.org)

15. Figure 10.13 Cost of H 2 produced by steam reforming of natural gas or by electrolysis of water

16. Figure 10.14 Cost of gas transmission vs. energy flow rate Source: Ogden, J. M. (1999, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 24, pp227–279)

17. Figure 10.15 Cost of H 2 that just offsets (through reduced fuel costs) the increased purchase cost of H 2 -powered vehicle over a 10-year operating life for gasoline at $1.0/itre to $2.0/litre