1. Impacts of Integrating EVs into Electric Power Grids P2030
Impacts of Integrating EVs into Electric Power Grids P TF2 Draft Report
IEVC Conference, Greenville, SC
March 8, 2012
ML Chan, PhD, ML Consulting Group (TF2 Lead)
Jim Hall, AKF Group (Subgroup Lead)
Laura Manning , OPPD (Subgroup Lead)
Mike Henderson, ISO-NE (Subgroup Lead)
Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos, Cardiff University (Subgroup Lead)

2. Overview of IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Report
ML Chan, PhD
Sr. Vice President
ML Consulting Group

3. Objectives of TF2 Report
IEEE Standard Association activities; to provide guidelines for development standards for integrating EVs into electric grid
TF1 – EV Technology; TF3 - Cybersecurity & IT Infrastructure; TF4 – Communications & Cybersecurity; TF5 – Battery Technology; TF6 – Chargers & Charging;
TF2: Impacts on Energy Supply, Transmission, Distribution and Customer Sectors; part of P report
EVs include
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs,)
Extended Range Electric Vehicles ( EREVs)
Battery-powered Electric Vehicles ( BEVs)
Fleet Electric Vehicles

4. Impacts Considered Long term system resource planning case
Capacity issues
System reliability
Power system operations case
Each case with 2 scenarios
EVs acting as a load
EVs acting a source (V2H or V2G)
Each scenario with 2 vehicle charging cases
Uncontrolled charging
Controlled charging (e.g., electricity TOD rates)

5. EV Charging Load Shapes
The most critical driver to understand and predict EV impacts on grids that vary by
Electrical subsystem (substation/distribution transformers)
Weather region (lifestyles)
Urban/suburb/rural areas
Income level
Roaming pattern
Further complicated by EVs serving as source, in addition to serving as load

6. Detailed Grid Impacts Customer grid impacts (Jim Hall, AKF Group)
Distribution system impacts (Laura Manning, OPPD)
Transmission system impacts (Mike Henderson, ISO-NE)
Generation system impacts (Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos, Cardiff University)
Format of discussion on each sector’s impacts
Presentation by each Subgroup Lead
Comments/Inputs at the end of each presentation

7. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Henry Chao, New York ISO
Liana Cipcigan, Cardiff University, UK
Thomas Domitrovich,  Eaton Corporation, PA, USA
Dr Fainan Hassan, Alstom T&D
Aoife Foley, University College Cork & Queen's College, Belfast
Iñaki Grau, Cardiff University, UK
Rao Konidena, MISO
Jeremy Landt ,Transcore
Don Marabell, GE Energy

8. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Tony McGrail, US National Grid
Brian McMillan, Greater Sudbury Hydro Inc., ON, Canada
Patti Metro, NRECA
Dale Osborn, MISO
Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Cardiff University, UK
Bob Saint, NRECA, VA, USA
Jose Salazar, Southern California Edison, CA, USA
Steve Widergren, PNL
Mulu T. Woldeyohannes, Baker Hughes, TX, USA

9. IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors John Bzura, ISO-NE
Robert Leavy, Gannett Fleming Transit & Rail Systems

10. Impacts on Customer Side of the GridBy
James Hall, AKF Group

11. Impacts on Customer’s Service Overview
Modes of Operation
Charging Only – EVs acting purely as a load
Source V2H – No Net-Metering
Source V2G – With Net-Metering
Impact of Smart Meter Integration
Information will have to be conveyed between customer’s charging equipment, meter, and grid operations.
May have a significant impact on today’s IT grid.

12. Impacts on Customer’s Service Overview
Specific Impacts
Residential
Characterized by single phase services consisting of equipment and capacities largely dictated by building codes.
Many customers served by a single distribution transformer and feeder.
Currently utility rates are flat with little use of time-of-use rates.
Commercial
Larger generally 3-phase distribution systems.
Rates are generally complex time-of-use with seasonal ratcheting.
Impacts are minimal for other than large fleet operations.
Work
Using this term to define the special situation where employees plug-in and charge their EVs on their employer’s property.
Mass Transit
EVs as busses plugged in and charging during evening hours.

13. Impacts on Customer’s Service Overview
Unique Characteristics of Customer’s Impacts.
Impacts are building code driven.
Infrastructure upgrades may be required to satisfy codes while actual impact to the grid is minimal.
Impacts are a function of the level of charging. Faster charging rate equates to a larger connected load.
In the case of a bi-directional charger the size of the connection to a main panel is limited by code to 20% of the size of the existing main (Assuming the size of the main is matched to the bus).
Consideration should be given to minimize the impact on existing facility’s service and equipment.

14. EVs acting as a Load Load Issues Available Fault Currents
Additional load – entire charger load impacts equipment – No Diversity
Available Fault Currents
On-Vehicle chargers will be subject to varying range of available fault currents.
Power Quality Issues
Non-Linear Loads
Chargers will have to be single phase resulting in voltage balance issues.

15. EVs acting as a Load Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS)
HEMS may be used to coordinate household electric appliance loads with vehicle charging.
The EV charger may be added to the HEMS as another appliance to be controlled.
The HEMS may control the starting, stopping, and rate of charging to coordinate with the cycling of air conditioning compressors and hot water heaters.
Cycling these loads to maintain an existing domestic load profile may delay the loading of distribution system components.
Without Time-of-Use rates the customer will not have the incentive to coordinate his demand.

16. EVs Acting as a Load Specific Issues
Residential Customers
Very easy to provide an on-board charger that will require infrastructure upgrades
Commercial Customers
Small impact except in the case of large fleet operations
Work
Impact on existing facilities service may be large – May require a dedicated service for vehicle charging stations.
Mass Transportation
Charging load may be significant relative to transit hub facility load.

17. EVs Acting as a Source V2H
Connection Issues
Parallel sources connected to a common bus. Sum of sources cannot exceed bus rating.
Source of additional fault current
Coordination and Protection Issues
Islanding
Synchronization – assurances required to prevent closing an intermediate switch while discharging.
Power Quality Issues
DC Injection
Harmonics

18. EVs Acting as a Source V2H Specific Issues
Residential Issues
Chargers should be limited in size to preclude the requirement for service upgrades.
Typical residential panel (100A or 200A) will be limited to a 20A or 40A (4.8 or 9.8 kVA) inverter connection.
Commercial Issues
May have connection point issues as utilities require parallel sources to be connected at the PCC.
May only be practical when operating schedules coordinate with utility time-of-use rates.
Work
May only be practical by installing dedicated single phase services directly to charging stations equipped with smart metering technology.

19. EVs Acting as a Source V2G
Special Net-Meters are Required
Metering Configurations
Single meter location – Not good for V2G. No special rates can be applied for ancillary services.
Series Meter – meter downstream of service main in dedicated charger circuit. Measures only chargers imported/exported power.
Parallel Metering – A second service to a facility dedicated to charging equipment.

20. EVs Acting as a Source V2G Specific Issues
Residential Customers
Will require serial or parallel metering
Of little benefit without AMI
Commercial Customers
Again, only practical for special situations where coordinate well with utility rates.
Work
Will require a dedicated charging service from the utility since single phase sources cannot be connected to three phase systems.
May impact commercial facilities IT infrastructure.
Mass Transportation
The large batteries will provide a large centralized source to the grid.
This source will only be available during off-peak hours.

21. Comments please!

22. Impacts on Distribution SystemsBy
Laura Manning, OPPD

23. Distribution System Section
Impacts Covered
From Distribution Substation
To Distribution Transformer
Secondary
Step Down to Customer Voltage
Existing &Future Distributed Generation
Micro-grid
Individual DG

24. Distribution System Impacts Overview
Long-term Planning Effects
Loads or Sources: Thermal Loading, Reactive losses and/or Inductive additions, Phase Imbalance, Asset Upgrade & Optimization, Advanced Metering
Loads: Greater magnitude than traditional incremental additions
Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation, Vehicle sourcing considerations and limitations
System Operations Effects
Loads or Sources: System Protection, Power Quality, Power Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability, Frequency Regulation/Synchronism, Phasing, Interactive Voltage Control/Phased Switching, Reactive Power Management, Demand Side Management, Controlled Import/Export from/to Grid, Cyber Security
Loads: Greater magnitude than traditional incremental additions, Grid Stability/Reliability
Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation, System Protection, Power Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability, Utility Personnel and Public Safety

25. Long-term / Planning Effects
Uncontrolled Charging
Higher Peaks
Lower Valleys
Higher Costs
Controlled Charging/Discharging
Voltage Support
Charging Stations Voltage Source Converters (VSCs)
Voltage Support & Control
Rapid Real Power Transfer
Frequency Regulation
Load Following

26. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading (United States)
Plug-in vehicle type and range ( V for 60 Hz freq.)
SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler
Charging
Levels
Charger
Type
Voltage
Amps
Demand
Full
Charge
AC Level 1
on-board
120 VAC
16 A
1.92 kW
hours
AC Level 2
208 – 240 V AC
12 – 80 A
2.5 – 19.2 kW
fewer
DC Level 3
off-board
300 – 600 V DC
250, 350 & 400 A
75 – 240 kW
minutes
Distribution System Impacts

27. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading (Europe)
Plug-in vehicle type and range ( V for 50 Hz freq.)
IEC Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements
Charging
Modes
Voltage
Amps
Mode 1
max. 250 V AC
or 480 V AC, 3-phase
max. 16 A
Mode 2
max. 32 A
Mode 3
max. 690 V AC, 3-phase
max. 250 A
Mode 4
max. 600 V DC
max. 400 A
Distribution System Impacts

28. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading
PEV market share and distribution
Penetration
Possible
Definition
Possible Modifications
System
Impact
Small
Individual residence adds an EV or V2G EV
Add proper receptacle to vehicle parking area.
Older homes in older areas may require service, secondary or transformer upgrade.
Many locations may not require any changes.
Localized
and
diverse
Medium
2nd EV is added to a secondary that serves the 1st EV or V2G EV
Might require larger conductors, additional conductors or a new pedestal.
May need to replace transformers to meet peak load and design for lower overload capacity due to extended loading time.
Services fed directly from transformers may require replacement of secondary and pedestals.
Consider design changes for new installations in anticipation of further market penetration.
Distribution System Impacts

29. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading
PEV market share and distribution
Distribution System Impacts

30. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading
Typical charging/discharging profiles and peak demand/reverse power levels
Spatial vs. roaming load distribution
Mass electric transit systems
Reactive losses and/or Inductive additions
Phase Imbalance
Distribution System Impacts

31. Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Asset Upgrade & Optimization
Distribution Transformer
Primary Lateral
Three Phase Feeder
Substation Equipment
Advanced Metering
Transmit Demand & Supply Management
Receive VIN, Demand & Supply Management
Distribution System Impacts

32. Distribution System Impacts
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting as Sources
EVs Acting as Loads
Forward power flow perspective
Magnitude > Traditional Incremental Load
Challenging to model
EVs Acting as Sources
Reverse power flow on unidirectional assets
Resemble distributed generation during discharge
Equipment capable of bi-directional operation
Vehicle sourcing considerations and limitations
Distribution System Impacts

33. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads or Sources
System Protection – Relay Adaptability
Operation caused by poor power quality
Operation due to variations in AC frequency
Misoperation due to Harmonic distortion/heating
Power Quality
Harmonics impact to connected components
Flicker
EMC/EMI
Power Conditioning
Voltage Regulators
Capacitor Banks
Distribution System Impacts

34. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Grid Stability / Reliability
Service Interruption & Restoration
Frequency Regulation / Synchronism
Phasing
Interactive Voltage Control / Phased Switching
Reactive Power Management
Demand Side Management (DSM)
Controlled Charge/Import & Discharge/Export
Cyber Security
Distribution System Impacts

35. Distribution System Impacts
System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting as Sources
EVs Acting as Loads
Forward power flow perspective
Magnitude > Traditional incremental additions
Challenging to model for grid stability/reliability
EVs Acting as Sources
Reverse power flow on unidirectional assets
Resemble distributed generation during discharge
Equipment capable of bi-directional operation
System Protection
Islanding Detection
Bi-directional Power Flow
Distribution System Impacts

36. System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Sources
Power Conditioning
Voltage Regulators
Mitigate Intermittency
Additional Reactive Power
Grid Stability / Reliability
Service Interruption and Restoration
Potential Hunting
Subtransient voltage and current dynamics
Utility Personnel and Public Safety
Anti-Islanding (IEEE 1547)
Distribution System Impacts

37. Distribution System Impacts
Summary
Design power charge/discharge to high standards
Uncontrolled operation:
Lower load factors & higher peaks
Required distribution infrastructure upgrades
Planning and Operations challenge to model the system
Controlled operation:
Load leveling = peak shaving + valley filling
Delay distribution infrastructure upgrades
Planning and Operations less challenging to model
Intermittent/renewable/local Distribution support
Distribution System Impacts

38. Distribution System Impacts
Comments please!
IEEE TF2 Draft Webinar
Distribution System Impacts

39. Impacts on Transmission Systems
Michael I. Henderson, ISO-NE
Director, Regional Planning and Coordination

40. Disclaimer Properly Presented Information
Accurately represents the positions of ISO New England
Inaccurate Information or Opinions that May Not Fully Agree with ISO New England
My private views and are not meant to represent any organization with which I am affiliated

41. About ISO New England Major responsibilities:
Not-for-profit corporation created in to oversee New England’s restructured electric power system
Regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
Regional Transmission Organization
Independent of companies doing business in the market
No financial interest in companies participating in the market
Major responsibilities:
Reliable operation of the electric grid
Administer wholesale electricity markets
Plan for future system needs

42. New England’s Electric Power Grid
6.5 million customer meters
350+ generators
8,000+ miles of high voltage transmission lines
6 local control centers
13 interconnections with approximately 5,000 MW capability to three neighboring systems:
New York
New Brunswick
Hydro Quebec
32,000 MW of installed generating capacity
Peak load:
Summer: 28,130 MW (8/06)
Winter: 22,818 MW (1/04)
More than 450 participants in the marketplace
Over $9 billion total market value
ISO and Local Control Centers
320 mi.
400 mi.
650 km
520 km

43. Reliability Guides Regional Planning
North American Electric Reliability Corporation
Reliability Standards for the Bulk Power System in North America
Northeast Power Coordinating Council
Basic Criteria for the Design and Operation of Interconnected Power Systems
ISO New England
Reliability requirements for the regional power system
NPCC
Standards are used to ensure that the regional transmission system can reliably deliver power to consumers under a wide range of future system conditions.

44. System Expansion Planning and Operations
System adequacy and security
Resources develop/operate in amounts, location, and types when needed
Transmission expansion/maintenance needed for reliability and economic performance
Drivers are the amounts, locations, and characteristics of system loads and resources, transmission system configuration, and control system interactions
Major considerations include:
Future and current operability of the system
Economic performance

45. Planning Is Complex Markets and bid strategies increase variability
Market power issues
Independent owners make decisions for capital investment
Technology and physical changes
Unit dispatch
Ancillary services
Unit commitment
Network flows
Load pockets
Dependency on generating units affect transfer limits
Resources
Load serving entities
Transmission owners
Wind and solar
Environmental constraints
Distributed resources
Transmission

46. Technical Studies Needed
Transmission Planning studies identify system needs and show how a proposed project meets those needs
Studies must address power flow and stability covering:
Power flow performance, control and line utilization
Reactive supply and voltage control requirements
Dynamic and transient stability concerns and control system responses
Reliable system performance must be demonstrated during normal and contingency conditions
Short circuit availability and transient and harmonic performance must be satisfied

47. Growth of Smart Grid Technologies
Smart grid technologies can affect energy use
Examples: Load management and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems
Energy storage is getting increased focus as a benefit to system operations and to mitigate impact of variable resources
Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) can act as loads, sources, or dynamic voltage sources
The large scale integration of EVs will affect the planning and operation of the electric power system grid

48. Effects of EV on the Transmission System
Economics of EVs dependent on many factors which affect their penetration and use
Capital and operating costs
Performance and range
Availability of charging stations
Price of electricity and competing transportation fuels
EVs can
Mitigate or defer transmission system needs
Advance transmission system improvements

49. EVs Change Load Shapes & Performance
EV uses vary:
Community type - urban/suburb/rural areas
Trip purpose- commute/errands/pleasure
Day –weekdays/weekend/holiday
Weather region – driving patterns vary with hot and cold weather
Roaming pattern – charging station operation at different locations
Understanding and predicting EV impacts on the grid depends on their use
Further complicated by EVs acting as a load, real power source, and/or reactive power source

50. Summer vs. Winter Peak Demand

51. EVs Affect Transmission System Planning
Load patterns and implementation of demand response
Large EV penetration and use patterns affect markets, planning, and operations
Load shapes
Demand response
Load aggregators
Price signals
Economic and environmental system performance
EVs can provide ancillary services
Balancing and regulation
Operating reserves
Voltage regulation and support

52. EVs Impacts on System Planning & Operations
Variability of load amounts, locations, and characteristics affect transmission planning
Thermal studies
Voltage studies
Stability studies
Harmonics, transients and system protection
Could facilitate integration of variable resources
Observability and controllability are required
Requires accurate projections of load
Smart chips can provide frequency and voltage control

53. Demand-Resource Dispatch Zones

54. Need for New Tools and Modeling
EVs introduce additional uncertainties to load levels, characteristics, and demand response
EV modeling needs to be reflected in transmission need and solution studies of
Resource adequacy
Economic performance
Environmental emissions
Transmission system performance
Forecasts of EVs and new study tools will be required
EV locations and use patterns depend on consumer behavior
End use models
Stochastic models
Charging and discharging

55. Summary EVs can act as a load, source, or dynamic voltage source
Affect the system in different ways
EVs introduce additional opportunities and uncertainties into system planning
Resource planning
Economic and environmental performance
Transmission Planning
Tools may be needed to forecast future EV penetration and use patterns

56. Distribution System Impacts
Comments please!
IEEE TF2 Draft Webinar
Distribution System Impacts

57. Impacts on Generation SystemsBy
Dr. Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos

58. Generation System Impacts Overview
Long-term planning effects
Generation Capacity
Energy Storage
Regional Aspects
Unit Dispatch
Electricity Markets
Mass Transit
Operational effects
Generator Efficiency
Intermittent Stochastic Generation (Renewable)
Micro-Generation
Generation System Impacts

59. Long-Term Planning Effects
More Generation Capacity
Base load plants: for demand increase
Peaking plants: for unpredictable EV charging
Energy Storage
Large and small scale
More energy storage needs for load balancing
Regional Aspects
EV regional distribution (urban/rural)
Existing installations variability
Generation System Impacts

60. Long-Term Planning Effects
Unit Dispatch (depends on EV operation)
Uncontrolled:
Wider difference between demand valleys and peaks
Inefficient operation at low loading for spinning reserve
Controlled/V2G:
More efficient dispatch
Valley filling
Generation System Impacts

61. Long-Term Planning Effects
Electricity Markets
Impact depends on tariff incentives
Flat rate: peak increase
Dynamic tariff: valley filling
Mass Transit
Two contrasting effects: overnight depot charging – mid-day fast charging
Impact depends on the level of adoption
Generation System Impacts

62. Generation System Impacts
Operational Effects
Generator Efficiency
Uncontrolled:
More balancing services –> higher fuel consumption –> more emissions
Ramping of units, reducing efficiency and increasing fatigue
Controlled/V2G:
Load leveling –> avoid part-loaded, inefficient operation
Base-load generation more cost-effective
Generation System Impacts

63. Generation System Impacts
Operational Effects
Intermittent Stochastic Generation (Renewable)
Controlled: avoid curtailment
V2G: complement intermittent, non-controllable sources (e.g. wind)
Micro-Generation
Local micro-generator support
Local load peak shaving
Generation System Impacts

64. Generation: All-time Peak
Distances to Boston, from:
Bismarck, ND: 1,800 mi. (proxy for resources in JCSP)
Salisbury, New Brunswick: 520 mi. (proxy for NB energy hub)
Des Cantons substation in Quebec: 260 mi. (assumes HQ will build transmission from renewable resources in the north to their load center in the south)
Source: Rand McNally mileage calculator
Map: MapQuest
Generation System Impacts

65. Emissions: All-time Peak
Distances to Boston, from:
Bismarck, ND: 1,800 mi. (proxy for resources in JCSP)
Salisbury, New Brunswick: 520 mi. (proxy for NB energy hub)
Des Cantons substation in Quebec: 260 mi. (assumes HQ will build transmission from renewable resources in the north to their load center in the south)
Source: Rand McNally mileage calculator
Map: MapQuest
Generation System Impacts

66. Generation System Impacts
Summary
Need for more generation capacity
(base & peak plants)
Uncontrolled operation: reduced plant efficiency, increased cost and emissions
Controlled/V2G operation: load leveling, intermittent/renewable/local generation support
Total emissions due to generators may increase or decrease depending on the amount and pattern of EV use and mode of operation
Generation System Impacts

67. Generation System Impacts
Comments please!
IEEE TF2 Draft Webinar
Generation System Impacts