1. GEARS Workshop Thursday 2011

2. Warm Up Howdy! Please add some more thoughts to paper evals Please complete your morning warmup

3. Concepts Astronomers make 3 color diagrams to represent 3 pieces of information visually. For example, 3 different emission line features. Spectral lines are like fingerprints, they are unique to the element or molecule that emitted (or absorbed) them due to the unique electronic energy levels in each. Type Ia and Type II supernova remnants may appear similar in size and shape but have different spectral signatures due to the different progenitors.

4. Elements in us Most of the heavy elements (everything except hydrogen and helium) in the Earth were produced a)by stars that burned out before the Solar System formed. b)in chemical reactions in the primitive oceans and atmosphere. c)in nuclear reactions in the Sun. d)in the hot, dense, early universe.

5. Where do the elements come from? Big Bang = energy forms neutrons, protons, electrons and overwhelmingly hot and dense conditions are such that Hydrogen (which is only a proton anyway…), Deuterium, and Helium and Lithium nuclei form http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_e le.html http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_e le.html

6. All other elements Formed in main sequence stars Or formed in explosions of stars called supernova (supernovae is plural) The supernova are needed to spread the fusion products into space – otherwise trapped in stellar cores http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/elemen ts/

7. Fusion – summary of chain of reactions – not the exact reaction Main sequence: 4 ( 1 H) --> 4 He + 2 e + + 2 neutrinos + energy Hydrogen in core expended – fusion ends, collapse begins, heating and … 3 ( 4 He) --> 12 C + energy (Sun ends here…) Helium in core expended – fusion ends, collapse begins, heating and … 12 C + 12 C --> 24 Mg OR 12 C + 4 H --> 16 O

8. E=mc 2 Where does the energy come from ? Mass of four 1 H > Mass of one 4 He

9. Low Mass vs High Mass

10. Really massive stars

11. High Mass

12. Why is Fe so special? Examining the binding curve in detail.

13. MIT OpenCourseware

14. Formation of the elements Most of the heavy elements (everything except hydrogen and helium) in the Earth were produced a)by stars that burned out before the Solar System formed. b)in chemical reactions in the primitive oceans and atmosphere. c)in nuclear reactions in the Sun. d)in the hot, dense, early universe.

15. Suppose the universe contained only low-mass stars. Would elements heavier than carbon exist? a.Yes, all stars create heavier elements than carbon when they become a supernova. b.Yes, but there would be far fewer heavier elements because high-mass stars form elements like iron far more prolifically than low-mass stars. c.No, the core temperatures of low-mass stars are too low to fuse other nuclei to carbon, so it would be the heaviest element. d.No, heavy elements created at the cores of low-mass stars would be locked away for billions of years. e.No, fission reactions would break down all elements heavier than carbon.

16. Where does Uranium come from? How does the iron get out of the core? Explosions Are all explosions created equally? Explosions leave a mess Mess (nebula) can be swept up into new stars

17. Nebula

18. Tying back to yesterday We saw S, Si, Mg, O, Fe in the supernova remnants Tycho – Type Ia (115) The oxygen-rich supernova G292.0+1.8 contains a pulsar. Type IIG292.0+1.8 Type Ia and Type II remnants because the progenitors are different. Type Ia remnants - from white dwarfs - usually show relatively strong Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe, and weak O, Ne, and Mg lines; Type II remnants - from massive stars - generally have the reverse pattern. (http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/pulsar_java.html )http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/pulsar_java.html http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/stellar_ev/story/index.html

21. Core Collapse http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_superno va http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_superno va

23. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/snovcn.html

24. Classification They are classified as Type I if they have no hydrogen lines in their spectra. The subclass type Ia refers to those which have a strong silicon line at 615 nm. They are classified as Ib if they have strong helium lines, and Ic if they do not. Type II supernovae have strong hydrogen lines. These spectral features are illustrated below for specific supernovae.

25. http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/snr/bg.html The elements and their relative abundances are different for Type Ia and Type II remnants because the progenitors are different. Type Ia remnants - from white dwarfs - usually show relatively strong Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe, and weak O, Ne, and Mg lines; Type II remnants - from massive stars - generally have the reverse pattern. In addition to the composition of the ejecta, spectroscopy can show how much of the stellar material was convectively mixed during the supernova event by calculating the density and temperature of the ionizing gas that generates the spectral lines. However, spectroscopy of supernova remnants is not clear cut and drawing conclusions is complicated; it is sometimes difficult to determine if a remnant is Type II or Type Ia. The Chandra and XMM-Newton missions have inaugurated the era of true spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy.

26. Spectrum on top of Brehmsstrahlung

27. Chandrasekhar limit The maximum mass that can be supported by electron degeneracy pressure against gravity Chandrasekhar won Nobel Prize in 1983 with William Fowler http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/la ureates/1983/chandrasekhar-autobio.html

28. Other parking lot Related to stellar evolution

29. Switching GEARS Search for extra solar planets This is looking for planets around other stars Not looking for objects orbiting the Sun There is an app for that And the resource for all things planet searchy: http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/

30. Engage: Demonstration Take a look at ONE of these ways to represent a star with a planet as seen from a distant observer on Earth Brainstorm ways to find planets based on this information

31. Gears@colstate.edu Gears@ColumbusState.edu after May 1 Engage: Planet demos Brainstorm how you might detect planets.how you might detect planets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WApazS6-mu4

32. Kepler Mission Staring at a part of the sky for 3.5 years Watching the brightness of stars Looks for dimming of light from star Periodically!

33. Make some predictions Think about why you are making your predictions Spend less than 7 minutes on your predictions

34. Which type of system make it easier to find planets using this technique. If it doesn't matter, write EQUAL CHANCE 1.Less massive stars or more massive stars. 2.Planets with orbits that are closer to circular or highly elliptical orbits. 3.Face-on orbits or edge-on orbits. 4.Small diameter planets or large diameter planets. 5.Small mass planets or large mass planets. 6.Planets close to star or planets far from star.

35. Explore: Transit Simulator Semi-major axis – average distance from star – see ellipse definition Eccentricity – ellipticity – or deviation from round – see ellipse definition Inclination – how much plane of orbit tilts as seen from Earth. Face-on = 0 degrees. Edge on = 90. Longitude – angle that plane of orbit seen by earth – think 2-D ellipse that you aren’t looking at from short or long axis – but at an angle

36. Discuss What definition did your group use for easier to find? % flux change – bigger easier to see Frequency of dip – must balance between the orbital period (e.g. 100 years vs. 1 year) and the fraction of the orbital period the star is blocked. Need to discuss normalized flux – 100% of star light seen vs 99%. Other simulator used 0.1 instead of.99 to represent a 1% drop.

37. After play with sim Create a hypothesis Write a hypothesis in the form of "If xxx massive stars make it easier to find planets then I expect to see ________." What is your independent variable? What is your dependent variable? What are your controlled variables?

38. Hypothesis: If it is easier to find massive planets then I expect to see more massive planets. Testable with simulator or no? Discuss Testable hypotheses vs. Good questions to ask.

39. Elaborate: Kepler Flash Assign multiple people to examine same star to be able to compare answers. Form to complete for answers.

40. Evaluate: Graphing Kepler Data in Excel

41. Kepler - Period Multiple ways to decide the period. Group discussion about what those methods are.

42. Kepler Peer Review Compare results with other participants who had the same planet. Provide a formal review of their results on your whiteboard.

43. Kepler Planet - answers

44. The Atlas http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_se arch.cfm?Sort=Star&SorDir=ASC&Planet_Type =Kepl http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_se arch.cfm?Sort=Star&SorDir=ASC&Planet_Type =Kepl Sounds like hundreds of new candidates announced at end of May at American Astronomical Society Meeting. Confirmation is after ground based followup – so still only 16 confirmed

45. % difference, % error Is it appropriate to calculate the percent difference or % error of your results with the astronomically published results in this case? Discuss in groups.

46. Citizen Science & Kepler data http://www.planethunters.org/ Kepler data for your own investigations – published quarterly A list (in Excel format) of candidates is published (as of Apr 2011) in directory: http://archdev.stsci.edu/pub/kepler/catalogs/ http://archdev.stsci.edu/pub/kepler/catalogs/

47. Kepler candidates Or from link on News page http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/ http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/ If you visit the html version – you can click on the candidate and plot the light curves from publicly accessible data. (Only the EX – not the STKS)

48. Corrected, Uncorrected

49. Demonstration #2 Brainstorm some ways to detect planets using this demonstration as inspiration. Hand out set of demonstrations for each person.

50. Radial velocity Vs. tangential Video – introduction http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/Planet_Finder /planetfinder.html http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/Planet_Finder /planetfinder.html And Radial velocity Requires sound

51. Doppler Shift Introduction to Doppler shift of light Redshift Blueshift From radial velocity link in Planet Quest video Must use spectral lines – otherwise is just continuous shift to continuous… http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/dopp.html#c3 http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/dopp.html#c3

52. Doppler Shift Lecture Tutorial Complete this exercise in groups of 2 to 3. This is designed to be completed while you are discussing with other people. This is not designed to be completed on your own.

53. Doppler Shift Misconception Summarize – depending on where are – ABC red, yellow, blue stars – Or spacecraft/planets

54. Habitable Zone Define it based on your understanding from the simulation Whiteboard and defend your definition

55. Scientific definitions Mutually agreed upon by many

56. Habitable zone Defined as location in a solar system in which a planetary surface could support liquid water Does not include greenhouse effect heating (like on Earth) Does not include tidal heating – such as on Europa

57. Why liquid water? Ties to other disciplines – chemistry, biology

58. Other speculations What else might be required for life? Might we find life? How might we look?

59. Carbon based/Silicon based How can a discussion of habitable zone be used in biology, chemistry, physics?

60. In 2020, a spacecraft lands on Europa and melts its way through the ice into the Europan ocean. It finds numerous strange, living microbes, along with a few larger organisms that feed on the microbes. a.This is likely because biosignatures were already detected on Europa by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. b.This could happen because there is evidence for an ocean underneath the icy surface of Europa and water is a good place to look for life. c.This is fantasy because it would take more than 10 years for a spacecraft to reach Jupiter using current rocket technology. d.This is fantasy because the X-ray emission from Jupiter has effectively sterilized all the moons around it.