1. Magic Lenses for Interactive Database Visualization Ken Fishkin SoftBook Press, Inc.

2. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20002 Standard WIMP n all windows are opaque, self-contained n exception: zoom lenses are nice

3. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20003 Magic Lenses n Magic Lenses are Windows which know about what’s below them, and/or what’s above them. n They can alter input, output, or both. n They can be composed

4. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20004 Magic Lenses - click through n wouldn’t it be nice if I could “click through” a zoom lens?

5. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20005 Magic Lenses - composable n and even nicer if they could compose?

6. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20006 Magic Lenses - semantic n and even nicer if they could be non- graphical?

7. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20007 Magic Lenses - inter-app n And even nicer if semantics were F(other windows)?

8. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20008 To Recap n Magic Lenses are Windows which know about what’s below them, and/or what’s above them. n They can alter input, output, or both. n They can be composed n 3D possible

9. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 20009 Overall flow (many)

10. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200010 How do you implement it? n Purely graphical lenses u “trap” calls to event manager (input), graphics engine (output) n Semantic lenses u shared data, and/or protocol for passing objects n Speed a big issue u lots and lots of caching

11. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200011 What This Buys You n Multiple foci + context

12. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200012 “Reify” modes into objects

13. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200013 Composability gives you “spatial Unix pipes”. n Let’s use it for data visualization...

14. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200014 Traditional Database Queries n Use a Special Language  select title from movies where lead_actor=‘Connery, Sean’ and (year 1975) n Batch, non-visual

15. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200015 Visual Representation of Databases n Map each record to a point on the plane n Since 1854 (at least)

16. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200016 Dynamic Queries (example 1) n One selector per attribute

17. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200017 Dynamic Queries (example 2) n Selectors filter the display

18. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200018 Dynamic Queries (limitations) n designed for a small number of attributes n only global filters n can’t screen on an attribute more than once n no disjunctions n limited query set

19. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200019 Hybrid Techniques n language for ‘leaves’ of the query, n visual interface for compound queries n Still not all queries supported ContentDateContentContains is before contains Document Management 05/01/94 Visual Recall OS AndOr

20. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200020 Magic Lenses n Movable local filters, which transform the data underneath them in some way, be it visual (magnifying lens), semantic (misspelled words), or other

21. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200021 Merging Lenses into Queries n Put one attribute selector on a lens.

22. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200022 Free Wins(1) - local filters

23. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200023 #2 - repeated attributes

24. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200024 #3 - arbitrary number of attrs. n Just stack ‘em up.

25. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200025 Consistent UI

26. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200026 Query Power n 2.5D order of windows implies a composition/evaluation order n Put an AND/OR toggle on the lens to indicate how it should compose: u A AND B --> above u A OR B --> above

27. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200027 And/or in action

28. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200028 Query Power(2) n NOT gets its own lens u A AND NOT (B OR C) F

29. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200029 Grouping n Introduce compound (grouped) lenses n Allows parenthesizing n allows macros n Conjunction + Negation + Grouping ==> support for arbitrary Boolean queries

30. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200030 Extensions n No need to have just ‘AND’ and ‘OR’ - could have any/all of the 16 possible combinations. n Could just have a ‘NAND’ mode, but that would be non-intuitive. And/Or/Not are most common.

31. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200031 Fuzzy Selectors n Selectors need not be ‘pass/fail’. False True False True 0 1 0 1

32. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200032 Selectors over [0..1]

33. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200033 Numerical Operators

34. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200034 Fuzzy Composition n Selectors on [0..1] implies composition on [0..1] n Replace AND by MIN, OR by MAX, NOT by complement n Presently, have implemented arithmetic (“DIFF”), statistical (“SQRT”), and fuzzy (“VERY”) n Many others possible

35. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200035 Fuzzy example

36. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200036 Missing Data - display

37. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200037 Missing Data - example

38. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200038 Missing Data - composition n How do composition operators handle it? We treat it like IEEE NaN

39. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200039 Meta-Functions n Click ‘through’ the window to send a command to the data underneath.

40. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200040 Conclusion (1995) n by merging Dynamic Queries with Magic Lenses, we keep the interactive, visual nature of queries, but add more functionality. n Future work: a slicker UI, user studies.

41. Magic Lenses - Ken Fishkin - Nov. 200041 Conclusion (2000) n If this is so great, why doesn’t everyone use it? u Inter-app. Requires lots of “plumbing”, Xerox licensing. OS X? u Intra-app. Requires Xerox licensing. So far SGI only one determined enough to do it.