1. Chapter Fourteen Institutional Programs
Faulkner University
Criminal Justice Program
Instructor: bill filmore

2. Learning Objectives
Describe how correctional programs help address the challenge of managing time in the correctional setting.
Describe the ways that security acts as a constraint on correctional programs offered in institutional settings.
Know the meaning of the “principle of least eligibility” and illustrate its importance.
Understand the importance of the classification process and how “objective classification” works

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the major kinds of institutional programs that are offered in correctional institutions.
Analyze recent developments in the field of correctional rehabilitation.
Describe the main types of correctional industries and define how each works.
Understand the current pressures facing correctional programming policies.

4. Learning Objective 1
Learning objective 1: Describe how correctional programs help address the challenge of managing time in the correctional setting.

5. Managing Time Mitigate the oppressiveness of time
Provide opportunities for prisoners to improve their lives
Keep prison time from becoming dead time
More programs offered, the less likely inmates’ boredom will translate into hostility toward the staff

6. Managing Time Prison program:
Any formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and sets them to instrumental tasks.
5 types:
Rehabilitative
Medical service
Industrial
Daily facility maintenance
Recreational

7. Learning Objective 2
Learning objective 2: Describe the ways that security acts as a constraint on correctional programs offered in institutional settings.

8. Constraints of Security
Whenever a program requires sharp tools, heavy security prevails.
Security requires tool counts, searches, and detailed accounting of materials.
Security requirements make maintenance and industrial programs inefficient.

9. Learning Objective 3
Learning objective 3: Know the meaning of the “principle of least eligibility” and illustrate its importance.

10. Least Eligibility
The doctrine that prisoners ought to receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law.
General public often quite hostile to create programming.
Public does not want to reward criminal activity.
Prison programs frequently represent weak versions of free-society program.

11. Learning Objective 4
Learning objective 4: Understand the importance of the classification process and how “objective classification” works.

12. Classification
Process by which prisoners are assigned to types of custody and treatment.
Sentenced felon introduced to the new status of prison
Depersonalize the inductee
Serves as management tool to ensure inmates are assigned to units appropriate to their custody level:
Separated from those who might victimize them
Grouped with members of their work assignment

13. Classification Objective classification: Predictive model:
Designed to distinguish inmates with respect to risk of escape, potential misconduct, and future criminal behavior.
Statistical techniques
Equity-based model:
Use only a few explicitly defined legal variables reflecting current and previous criminal characteristics, not used:
Race
Employment
Education

14. Learning Objective 5
Learning objective 5: Describe the major kinds of institutional programs that are offered in correctional institutions.

15. Institutional Programs
Rehabilitative programs:
Aim at reforming the offender’s behavior
Programs vary:
Psychological
Behavioral
Social
Educational
Vocational
Substance abuse
Sex offender
Religious programs

16. Institutional Programs
Prison industry:
Way to manage the restlessness and idleness of prison time
Viewed as part of the reformative process
Prison maintenance programs:
Typical prison must provide every major service available in a community:
Fire department
Electrical and plumbing
Janitorial maintenance
Mail delivery
Restaurant
Drug store

17. Institutional Programs
Maintenance programs cont.:
Constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments
Choice jobs involve access to power
Essential to managing the prison:
Lower the cost of operations by eliminating the need to hire outside labor.
Job hierarchy provides rewards and punishments to enforce discipline.

18. Institutional Programs
Recreational:
Two primary functions:
Integral to prison social life
Can be rehabilitative in several ways:
Teach social skills as cooperation and teamwork
Provide a means for prisoners to grow in experience and enhance their self-image
Serve as a productive counterpoint to the general alienation of prison

19. Learning Objective 6
Learning objective 6: Analyze recent developments in the field of correctional rehabilitation.

20. Correctional Rehabilitation
Martinson’s 1974 study indicating prison rehabilitation ineffective.
New vision:
Prison a place that should provide safe and secure custody while punishing offenders.
Criminogenic needs:
Needs than, when successfully addressed by treatment programs, result in lower rates of recidivism.

21. Correctional Rehabilitation
Six conditions identified by researchers under which treatment will be effective:
Directed toward high-risk clients.
Responds to offenders’ problems that caused the criminal behavior
Take into account offenders’ psychological maturity
Providers are allowed professional discretion on how to manage offenders’ progress in treatment
Are fully implemented as intended
Offenders receive follow-up support after completing the treatment programs

22. Correctional Rehabilitation
Cost-benefit ratio:
A summary measure of the value of a correctional program in saving money through preventing new crime.

23. Learning Objective 7
Learning objective 7: Describe the main types of correctional industries and define how each works.

24. Correctional Industry
The contract labor, piece price, and lease systems:
A contractor provided raw materials and agreed to purchase goods made by prison inmates at a set price.
The public account system:
A prison bought machinery and raw materials with which inmates manufactured a salable product.

25. Correctional Industry
The state use system:
A labor system under which goods produced by prison industries are purchased by state institutions and agencies exclusively and never enter the free market.
The public works and ways system:
A labor system under which prison inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects.

26. Learning Objective 8
Learning objective 8: Understand the current pressures facing correctional programming policies.

27. Current Pressures
Most rehabilitative programs have serious shortcomings and limited effectiveness.
Large number of inmates are not considered to need educational, vocational training, or drug/alcohol rehabilitation.
Services provided in prison settings are substantially less effective than same programs in community.

28. Chapter Fifteen Release from Incarceration

29. Learning Objectives Discuss parole and explain how it operates today.
Be familiar with the origins and evolution of parole in the United States.
Discuss the different mechanisms that are used to release offenders from correctional facilities.
Explain how releasing authorities are organized.
Be familiar with the steps that are taken to ease the offender’s reentry into the community.

30. Learning Objective 1
Learning objective 1: Discuss parole and explain how it operates today.

31. Parole
The conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served.
Three concepts:
Grace or privilege
Contract of consent
Custody
Only felons released on parole
Only state and federal governments effect parole

32. Learning Objective 2
Learning objective 2: Be familiar with the origins and evolution of parole in the United States.

33. Origin and Evolution Parole in U.S. evolved during 19th century
Capt. Alexander Maconochie:
British colony administrator
Developed classification system by which prisoners could pass through:
Strict imprisonment
Labor on chain gangs
Freedom within an area
A ticket-of-leave or parole with conditional pardon
Full liberty

34. New York, indeterminate sentencing law, 1876:
Origin and Evolution
1870, National Prison Association incorporated principles into the Declaration of Principles
New York, indeterminate sentencing law, 1876:
Zebulon Brockway
Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory
Began to release prisoners on parole

35. 1920 – 20 states had parole systems
Origin and Evolution
1920 – 20 states had parole systems
1925 – 46 states
1942 – 48 states
During 1970’s parole criticized on several grounds:
Release was tied to treatment success
Parole boards abusing their discretion
Inmates being held in suspended animation

36. Learning Objective 3
Learning objective 3: Discuss the different mechanisms that are used to release offenders from correctional facilities.

37. Discretionary release Mandatory release Probation release
Release Mechanisms
Discretionary release
Mandatory release
Probation release
Other conditional release
Expiration release

38. Discretionary Release
The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.
Allows the parole board to assess prisoner’s readiness for release
Focuses on:
Nature of offense
Inmate’s behavior
Inmate’s participation in rehabilitative behavior

39. Mandatory Release
The required release on an inmate from incarceration to community supervision on the expiration of a certain period, as stipulated by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guidelines.
Matter of bookkeeping
Good time
Released conditionally

40. Probation Release
The release of an inmate from incarceration to probation supervision, as required by the sentencing judge.
Often tied to shock incarceration
Since 2000, use increased from 6 to 10%

41. Other Conditional Release
A probationary sentence used in some states to get around the rigidity of mandatory release by placing convicts in various community settings under supervision.
Furlough
Home supervision
Halfway houses
Emergency release

42. Expiration Release
The release of an inmate from incarceration without any further correctional supervision; the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense.
19% of prison releases

43. Learning objective 4: Explain how releasing authorities are organized.

44. Organization Consolidated versus autonomous: Field services:
Inside or outside the department of corrections
Field services:
Argued that institutional staff and the parole board must be coordinated
Full time versus part time:
Full time:
Criminal justice professionals
Part time:
Thought to represent the community better

45. Appointment: Appointed by governor or correctional authority
Organization
Appointment:
Appointed by governor or correctional authority

46. Learning Objective 5
Learning objective 5: Be familiar with the steps that are taken to ease the offender’s reentry into the community.

47. Release 2008, Second Chance Act Reintegration model:
Gradually lowering level of custody
Prerelease counseling
Training programs
Transfer to housing unit, family readjustment training
Participating in most cases voluntary

48. Chapter Sixteen Making it: Supervision in the Community

49. Learning Objectives
Know the major characteristics of the postrelease function of the corrections system.
Define community supervision and revocation of community supervision.
Understand how community supervision is structured.
Describe residential programs and how they help parolees.

50. Identify the major problems parolees confront.
Learning Objectives
Identify the major problems parolees confront.
Understand why some parolees are viewed as dangerous and how society handles this problem.
Describe the effectiveness of postrelease supervision.

51. Learning Objective 1
Learning objective 1: Know the major characteristics of the postrelease function of the corrections system.

52. Postrelease Function Conditions of release:
Restrictions on conduct that parolees must obey as a legally binding requirement of being released.
Parole boards only release about 1/4 of inmates (65% in 1976)
80% of those released now under parole supervision (60% in 1960)
No truly “clean” start is possible

53. Learning Objective 2
Learning objective 2: Define community supervision and revocation of community supervision.

54. Community Supervision
Restrictions on parolees:
Personal and material problems are staggering
Most are unskilled or semiskilled
Nearly 1/4 paroles fail within 6 months

55. Revocation Revoked for 2 reasons:
Committing new crime
Violating conditions of parole (technical violation):
Usually involve noncriminal conduct (fail to change address)
Most occur when parolee is arrested on a serious charge or cannot be located
Parole is a privilege

56. Technical Violation Two-stage revocation proceeding:
Parole board determines whether there is probable cause that a violation has occurred:
Right to be notified of charges
Be informed of witnesses
Be heard
Present witnesses
Confront parole board witnesses (safety)

57. Two-stage revocation proceeding cont.:
Technical Violation
Two-stage revocation proceeding cont.:
Parole board decides if the violation is severe enough to warrant return to prison.
Parole agency has several options:
Return parolee to prison
Note violation but strengthen supervision
Not violation but take no action
Highest rate of failure in first year

58. Learning Objective 3
Learning objective 3: Understand how community supervision is structured.

59. Structure
Three forces:
Parole officer
Parole bureaucracy
Experiences of offender
Complex web of attitudes, situations, policies, and random events determines outcome of supervision process.

60. Agents of Community Supervision
Cop and social worker
Two hidden conditions:
Officer have certain expectations about how clients will behave and how to treat them:
Parental approach
Welfare approach
Punitive officers
Passive agents
Supervision plan

61. Constraints on officers’ authority:
Bureaucracy
Workload:
Active v. reduced surveillance
Parole officers spend as much as 80% of their time at nonsupervisory work
Philosophy and policy
Constraints on officers’ authority:
Go along with the system

62. Affects offender’s postrelease experience in several ways:
Bureaucracy
Affects offender’s postrelease experience in several ways:
Provides rules and policies managing workloads that would otherwise be unbearable.
Structures the activities of parole officers according to traditional philosophical orientations.
Provides a context of unwritten and informal norms that define appropriate and inappropriate officer conduct.

63. Learning Objective 4
Learning objective 4: Describe residential programs and how they help parolees.

64. Residential Programs Community correctional centers:
A small-group living facility for offenders, especially those who have been recently released from prison:
Usually provide counseling and drug treatment
Impose strict curfews
Residents can gradually earn a reduction in restrictions
Idea is to provide treatment while promoting step-by-step adjustment to community relief

65. Residential Programs Work release center:
A facility that allows offenders to work in the community during the day while residing in the center during nonworking hours.
Two types:
Prisoners work during day and return at night
Offenders work and live at home during week, return to center on weekends

66. Learning objective 5: Identify the major problems parolees confront.

67. Postrelease Life Strangeness of reentry Supervision and Surveillance
Unmet personal needs
Barriers to success:
Civil disabilities:
Right to vote
Public assistance and food stamps
Public housing
Driver’s licenses
Adoptions and foster care
Student loans

68. Postrelease Life Barriers to success: Employment: Expungement:
A legal process that results in the removal of a conviction from official records.
Pardon:
An action of the executive branch of the state or federal government excusing an offense and absolving the offender of the consequences of the crime.

69. Learning Objective 6
Learning objective 6: Understand why some parolees are viewed as dangerous and how society handles this problem.

70. No correlation between numbers of parolees and crime rate
Parolee as Dangerous
By 1997, 32 states and the federal government had passed sex offender notification laws:
Notification laws seem to have heightened public discomfort
Isolated tragedies can exaggerate the actual danger
No correlation between numbers of parolees and crime rate

71. Learning Objective 7
Learning objective 7: Describe the effectiveness of postrelease supervision.

72. Measured in terms of rates of recidivism
Effectiveness
Measured in terms of rates of recidivism
Less than 1/2 of those released from prison remain prison free after 3 years
Mandatory release only seems to work for property offenders
Case management
Overall, success of parole supervision is mixed

73. THE END NEXT WEEK: RESEARCH PAPERS DUE! CHAPTERS 18, 20 AND 21
REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM