1. ABBY SVEE AND JAKE MARYNIK LIMESTONE FEEDSTOCK

2. LIMESTONE MAJOR PRODUCTS

3. LIME MANUFACTURING The basic lime process 1.Quarrying limestone 2.Preparation of limestone for kiln 3.Calcining limestone CaCO 3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO 2(g) 4.Hydrating limestone CaO (s) + H 2 0 (l)  Ca(OH) 2(aq) 5.Distribution www.lime.org

4. SODA ASH MANUFACTURING Basic soda ash process (Solvay Process) 1.Ammonation of Brine Na + Cl - NH 4 + and OH - ions 2.Formation of carbon dioxide and calcium oxide C (s) + O 2(g)  CO 2(g) CaCO 3(s)  CaO (s) +CO 2(g) 3.Solvay tower NH 3(g) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2  NH 4 HCO 3(aq) 4.Separation of solid sodium hydrocarbonate 5.Formation of sodium carbonate 2NH 4 HCO 3(aq)  Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O (g) + CO 2(g) 6.Formation of calcium hydroxide CaO (s) + H 2 O (l)  Ca(OH) 2(aq) 7.Regeneration of ammonia 2NH 4 Cl (aq) + Ca(OH) 2  CaCl 2 + 2NH 3(g) + H 2 O (g) www.essentialchemicalindustry.org

5. LIME ECONOMICS IN INDUSTRY Lime production is deeply dependent on steel industry Steel industry fluctuates with automobile and housing demand Lime’s energy intensive production fluctuates with energy prices More than most other inorganic chemicals www.acclaimmetals.com

6. From 1970-1975 lime price rose from $12/ton to $28/ton (oil embargo increased energy costs) Lime production dropped 2.4% per year starting in the 1980’s Lime production started rebounding in the 1990’s Presently (2002) commercial value of 45.2 billion pounds is $1.3 billion ArcelorMittal 93.6 million tons (2012) LIME ECONOMICS IN INDUSTRY CONT.… Salient Statistics United States 20082009201020112012 Production19,90015,80018,30019,10019,500 Imports for Consumption 307422445512484 Exports174108215231194 Consumption Apparent 20,00016,10018,50019,40019,800 http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch11/final/c11s17.pdf In millions of tons

7. SODA ASH ECONOMICS IN INDUSTRY Salient Statistics United States 20082009201020112012 Production11,3009,31010,60010,70010,900 Imports for Consumption 136202715 Exports5,3704,4105,3905,4706,000 Consumption Reported 5,7005,0205,2705,1505,000 Consumption Apparent 5,8604,9505,2005,2205,000 Pyrex, registered trademark of Corning Incorporated Corning Incorporated reported a Sales increase of 10% in the last quarter of 2013 with increasing periods of sales in prior quarters. http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/documents/pdf/infosheets/sodaashmanufacturing.pdf In millions of tons

8. REFERENCES http://www.lime.org/documents/lime_basics/NLA-how-lime-is-made.pdf http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch11/final/c11s17.pdf http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/documents/pdf/infosheets/sodaashman ufacturing.pdf http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/documents/pdf/infosheets/sodaashman ufacturing.pdf http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/soda_ash/ http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lime/ Chenier, Philip J. “Chapter 5.” Survey of Industrial Chemistry. New York, NY: Kluwer Academics/ Plenum, 2002. 354-465. Print. http://www.corning.com/news_center/news_releases/2013/2013103001.aspx http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/top-producers.html http://corporate.arcelormittal.com/news-and-media/press- releases/2013/nov/07-11-2013 http://corporate.arcelormittal.com/news-and-media/press- releases/2013/nov/07-11-2013