1. Making Proteins
DNA
This image summarizes the processes of transcription and translation.
What are the three stages in this process (central dogma) and where are they in this picture?
mRNA
rRNA
protein
tRNA

2. RNA RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Contains Ribose as the sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone
RNA has Uracil rather than Thymine as a base
Base pairs: A – U C – G
3 types of RNA
messenger (mRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA)

3. Two Steps to Protein Synthesis
Transcription: mRNA is made from a strand of DNA
Translation: Protein is made by a ribosome by using mRNA as the set of “instructions.”

4. Transcription in Prokaryotes
DNA is transcribed into mRNA

5. Translation in Prokaryotes
mRNA serves as the instructional material to make proteins

6. Transcription in Eukaryotes
DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA

7. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Non-coding regions of the mRNA, called introns, are removed from the pre-mRNA.

8. Translation in Eukaryotes
The mRNA with only the coding region (the exons) leaves the nucleus.
Translation from mRNA to protein occurs in the cytoplasm.

9. Steps of DNA Transcription Making mRNA from DNA
Helicase does NOT unzip DNA at the gene of interest
RNA polymerase unwinds and matches RNA nucleotide bases to DNA, using one side as a template.
3. The mRNA strand is created. It now compliments the original DNA strand (G-C and A-U).
4. Ligase helps the strand of DNA to close and again.
5. mRNA strand moves out of nucleus to ribosomes, and the DNA zips up.

10. Key Players in Translation
rRNA = RNA that makes up a ribosome
tRNA = RNA that transfers specific amino acids
mRNA = carries the DNA message;
RNA transcribed from DNA
Codon = 3 nucleotides in a row on a strand of mRNA that code for an amino acid
Anticodon = 3 nucleotides in tRNA that base pair with the codon
Amino Acids = monomers of proteins (20 in humans)

11. Steps to Translation Making proteins from mRNA
Ribosomes attach to the “start” codon of mRNA (AUG), signaling the beginning of the protein chain
mRNA codons are matched to corresponding tRNA anticodons and appropriate amino acids are strung together.
Dehydration synthesis occurs between the amino acids, and they join, making a protein chain with peptide bonds in between
Ribosomes detach when they come across a “stop” codon (UAA, UAG, UGA). Protein synthesis is complete.

16. Why do you think RNA uses the “triplet code”?
Do the math on your own or with a neighbor.

17. CODON BINGO
Fill in the Bingo Card (on page 45) with the 20 different amino acids.
Use your table on page 44 to help
Watch out for repeated amino acids!
Wait for your teacher to begin calling out DNA letters to begin playing

18. Translation Activity
You and your classmates need to discover the hidden protein in your bag.
Follow the instructions in the bag to unlock the mystery protein.

19. What if a single base is changed?

20. What if a single base is changed?

21. What if a single base is changed?

22. Proteins
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (and some Sulfur)
Proteins are responsible for many reactions

23. Types of Proteins
I am completely unchanged, and ready for some more sucrose!
1. Enzymes = Catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Build up or break down substrate
Fit together with its substrate like a “lock” and a “key”
Not used up in the reaction
Work in a very specific biological range
Usually end with “-ase”
I am an enzyme. I am going to try to convert you.
Hi sweeties, Do you remember me?
I am the active site. The substrate binds to me.
I am a product, too. I am a fructose now.
I am now a product. I am a glucose now.
In addition to what you know. I am a substrate.

24. Proteins 2. Structural Proteins 3. Transport Proteins
Provides mechanical support to cells and tissues
3. Transport Proteins
Transports small ions or molecules
4. Motor Proteins
Enables structures to move

25. Proteins 5. Hormones (signaling proteins) 6. Storage
Carries signals from cell-to-cell
e.g., insulin
6. Storage
Stores small molecules or ions
e.g., iron is stored in the liver in ferritin
7. Other specialized functions
Defense (immune system antibodies),
Receptor proteins (in eyes and muscles to detect stimulus)

26. Proteins Proteins monomers are called amino acids
Peptide Bond: Bond between 2 Amino Acids:
H2O

27. Proteins A chain of amino acids are called “polypeptides”
“Many Peptides”
Polypeptides fold and twist to form a specific shape
Two or more polypeptides form a complete protein
These shapes allow proteins to function
Poly
peptides

28. Endo-membrane System
A system of membrane organelles that are inter-related in their function

29. How are the organelles of the endomembrane system inter-related?
Take notes on the following slides as your teacher narrates what is happening

30. What’s up? I am the Nucleus… what do I do for the cell?
Do you remember me?
I’ll give you a hint: I am in charge of making ribosomes and the RNA used to make proteins!
Well, before we go too far, we must not forget about me! Sometimes I’m rough and sometimes I’m smooth… no matter what, I’m always important to protein synthesis!
I have a bit of a complex, because I go by several different last names.
However, my first name is always Golgi.
I am a ribosomal subunit… soon to become a ribosome. Follow me as I travel to the E.R.
How does this design compare to what we have already learned about protein synthesis?
Which does give me a complex as well…

46. Now let’s look at some more detailed animations!

47. How are proteins created by the “free” ribosomes differ in destination from the proteins created by the “attached” ribosomes of the ER?
Attached Ribosomes: They make proteins that are either
1) secreted out of the cell
2) attached to the plasma membrane
3) stays enclosed in a membrane to function as another organelle, such as a lysosome.
Free Ribosomes: They make proteins that stay within the cytoplasm. The cell uses these proteins itself.

48. You will now create a poster of the endomembrane system to demonstrate your understanding of how all the organelles work together.